Studies on Arabic Language and Literature

Abstract In efficient educational systems, it is believed that in today's changing world, the science lifetime is so short and the issues must be considered critically; therefore, it has been attempted to improve and flourish this kind of thinking in different educational backgrounds and levels. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to analyze the Arabic textbooks exercises of junior high schools regarding the attention paid on critical thinking skills discussed in Lipman's Theory. The methodology applied in this research is descriptive as well as content analysis methodology and Shannon entropy weighting method has been used in order to determine the importance coefficient of the studied components. Statistical sample and population coincide on each other including all of the exercises in Arabic textbooks of junior high schools in academic year of 1401-1402 Hijri/ 2022-2023 A.D. The books are in three volumes. In order to obtain the purposes of the research, a list of Lipman's critical thinking skills has been utilized as research tool including nine components as follows; Being collective, questioning, assessing evidence and statements, argumentation, interpretation, analysis, logic, being explicit, and judge. Based on the research data in all three educational levels, the three components of interpreting, analyzing and assessing evidence and statements have the highest frequency and the three components of being explicit, judging and reasoning have the lowest frequency; Generally The findings of the research illustrate that, Lipman's critical thinking skills have not been paid balanced and equal attention. These results also indicate that incongruity in using different skills have been increased in parallel with studying in higher grades. So, in this regard, the studied educational content requires to be reviewed and corrected.

Abstract "Cities of Salt" by Abdul Rahman Munif, which is about the confrontation between the Arabs and the West over the discovery of oil, deals with Arab and Western other's cultural patterns from opposite perspectives. Due to the prominent role of cultural patterns in the direction of relations between nations and the need for a proper understanding of cultural patterns to achieve conscious social and human change, as well as the vital role of literature in expressing cultural patterns, this article has tried to examine two important issues: the western position against implicit Arab cultural patterns and the contexts that have led to the acceptance or rejection of these cultural patterns. The research method of this article is cultural critical analysis. It can be mentioned that the western figures tried to explain the implicit cultural patterns of Arabs, but they were in the trap of not knowing the background of these patterns and they have tried to interpret Arabic patterns based on most of their experiences. The use of Arab cultural patterns by Westerners in order to experimentally gain acceptance in Arabic and achieve their own political interests is one of the other findings of this research.

Abstract This research studies the relationship between the technique form and the expression forming.
It shows the difference in meaning between the pronounciation in dictionary and structure and what it connects to, like technical forming and what it includes of the connection between the grammatical structure in meaning and the way to discoverthe meaning throughout the structure, and the link of the structures in language in giving the meaning.
And the influence of the different structures in forwarding (sending) meanings.
As ,I will search in semantical leaving in pronounciation , during the study of the difference between the hidden meaning in pronouynciation only and the meaning that'd we have when we build (form ) vocabularies in the different uses .
And I will also search in the indication in sending semantics and the pronounciation in general.
And I`ll talk about the technique use for pronounciation to show the way how we use the pronounciation in expressing in uncommon way which gives a new meaning.

Abstract Critical analysis of the discourse of the companions of the cave in the Holy Qur'an Based on Norman Fairclough's theory Abstract Evaluating different levels of discourse provides the possibility to discover and achieve its hidden meanings and reproduces the way language interacts with meta-linguistic structures. Critical discourse analysis is a new approach in text analysis that, in addition to paying attention to the linguistic context of the text, considers the non-linguistic context of the text to be effective in discovering and explaining the meaning and examines the relationship between language, power, ideology and discourse. Most of the texts such as the literature of the nations, narratives and some types of stories of the Qur'an can be analyzed and interpreted in this framework. It is a monotheistic discourse in which two opposing forces are placed in front of each other and each chooses a specific type of speech to prove the validity of their claim. Paying attention to selected language patterns along with explaining the cultural, social and political situation of that time can unlock many semantic secrets of the language. Therefore, in the light of the importance of this issue and the need to interpret the Qur'anic text from various angles, this research aims to use analytical-descriptive methods based on the approach of critical discourse analysis of Norman Farklough in three levels of description, interpretation and explanation, the hidden layers of the Qur'anic text. to discover and analyze in this story. From the linguistic and meta-linguistic studies of this story, it is found that each linguistic unit follows a specific linguistic structure, which has special features such as highlighting, choosing words, and arranging them due to the specific ideology of the actors of the discourse. . At the upper level of the dialogues in this story, the repetition of the word "Lord" in contrast to "God" was caused by the monotheistic thinking of the companions of the cave in contrast to the polytheism of the king and the people of that time. The conversation between these two currents in addition to explaining the specific type of ideology. Like monotheism, polytheism, resistance, and unity, it was definitely not exclusive to a historical time, but it was also effective in the intellectual and cultural direction of the audience and future relationships, so that after many years of their death, as a sign of respect for the ideology and belief in this group and spread their religious foundations, a dome was built on their graves.

Abstract Revealing the temporal structure in contemporary narrative poetry makes reader vulnerable to the multiplicity of tenses that overlap in one poem and lead to the formation of temporal paradoxes that the narrator uses in the course of the narration to achieve artistic purposes required by the text. Prolepse is one of the two wings of the temporal paradox in Gérard Genet's theory and is commonly used in modern poetry because of the great flexibility it enjoys to move past and present events and their temporal change forward without prejudice to the unity and texture of the text. The technique of prolepse in poetry of Farouk Gouida and Reza Baraheni helps to know possible temporal developments in the structure of events and characters through allusions, allusions and symbols that contribute to involving the reader in the course of text developments and answering questions and suspicions that he sometimes asks. This study relies on the descriptive-analytical approach, as it benefits from the critical pillars of the American School of Comparative Literature, aiming to clarify the functions of the narrative anticipation technique in the poetry of Farouk Juwaida and Reza Baraheni. This research was able to reach that the technique of anticipation in the poetry of Farouk Juwaida and Reza Baraheni indicates the poets' attempt to achieve the temporal surprise in the narrative process by applying three forward-looking types, each of which carries its own mission, including the preliminary anticipation, which aims in the poetry of Farouk Juwaida to anticipate the developments of outer space on Contrary to the future references that Reza Baraheni targets in the opening poems, it is distinguished by the inevitability of falling into the future. As for the declarative anticipation in Farouk Jwaideh's poetry, it has more clarity in illuminating upcoming events, compared to what came in the poetry of Reza Baraheni. In Farouk Jwaideh's poetry, the internal anticipation is subject only to reducing the shortcomings of the future, and in Baraheni's poetry to consolidating future events. In the end, the external anticipation in Farouk Jwaida's poetry is the task of expanding the narrative space and helps, when Reza Baraheni, to realize the realities of the present narration.

Abstract One of the important issues in the affairs of the Arabic is the study of the relationship of this language with modern linguistic research theories, especially after the emergence of the new science of language as an independent science. At the beginning of the twentieth century, when the direction of linguistic studies changed with the ideas and orientations of the linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure, linguistic research in the Arab world was affected by these trends, especially after Noam Chomsky presented his transformational generative theory. This theory provided a methodological framework for researchers in the Arabic language, as they tried to conform to the idea of the universality of grammar that was one of the endowments of this theory, so they applied some of its concepts to the Arabic language. The authors of this research have noticed that there is a relationship between the approaches and perceptions of contemporary Arab linguists in the study of their Arabic grammar and Chomsky's efforts in his transformational generative theory. This research, based on the descriptive-analytical method, aimed to reveal the grammatical views of Muhammad Hamasa Abd al-Latif and his preferences according to the transformational generative theory. Among the most important findings of the study are; Chomsky believes, in his generative-transformational theory, the superficial structure and the deep structure of sentences, and Abd al-Latif agrees with this view, and Abd al-Latif believes that the syntax as a whole and intonation also reveal the deep structure. Abd al-Latif refers to the importance of the position, the position and the context, and this reference indicates that he is bound by the generative-transformative approach that does not care about the context of the position or the position.

Abstract Irony is an eloquent art that is known as a linguistic trick, and it states hidden communication between the creator & its recipient. Therefore, the structures of irony like language puzzles, need resolution and interpretation, and the skilled audience is responsible to cogitate in the meaning and interpretation of the text to obtain inner peace. The women poets in the contemporary period use this art tool as the most usable of the rhetorical techniques, because they suffer psychological and social turbulence. Forough farrokhzad & ghada Al-samman like these poets have allocated a considerable part of their poetry to express Women's problems in the society. Examining the use of irony in the poetry of forough farrokhzad & ghada Al-Samman by using Comparative literature, description and analytical method and receiving theory is the purpose of this research. The obtained findings express the irony role as an ambuscade for expression of the unsaid of two poets like lack of freedom in patriarchal society. The irony using in ghada Al-Samman’s poetry condemns arrogance of men against women and deception of women and their pessimism towards earthly love leading failure, wishing utopia and looking for true love between lover and beloved. The irony using in forough farrokhzad shows her protest towards strict and unchangeable laws, disappointment, death and joining eternal life, Spiritual love, reaching the highest level of humanity and blowing of the divine spirit in her essence.

Abstract One of the most controversial issues in the present century is the existence of texts attributed to important people, for which there are no documents. Researchers have always tried to study these claims from different angles. The importance of this matter led to the emergence of a trend in linguistics, called "Authorship Attribution" (A.A.). Authorship Attribution is the task of identifying the authors of contested or anonymous texts, and aims to identify the author of unknown texts, based on writing style. There are various theories in this field, but so far, no comprehensive, preventable, and one hundred percent reliable method has been presented. In this research, Yule's theory was combined with four other theories about vocabulary richness, to study the validity of the attribution of the letter 53 of Nahj al-Balaghah to Imam Ali (PUH), through the descriptive-analytical and statistical method. The results of the research indicate that in addition to the high accuracy for the calculations, the output of theories does not depend on the length of the text. Moreover, the results indicate that the variable W has the most important role in determining vocabulary richness, and its value for letter 53 is not very different from its value for the other selected letters, so it is proven that the author of letter 53 and the other letters was one person, and as a result, the doubt about Nahj al-Balaghah is false.

Abstract The irony comes in different forms and multiple patterns, according to the amount of influence, how it is formed, sides of paradox, appearance and meaning, creator's point of view, function of paradox in presenting image and meaning, etc. The research tried to determine the circle of its study on some paradox patterns such as The structural irony, the irony of conception or visualization and the gestural irony according to their semantic structure in the supplications of the keys to heaven, to show the possibility of this form in using this technique, which is considered a new technique even though it was used in ancient literature since the early ages to shed light on the purpose and establish impact on the recipient. It also tries to show the possibility of supplications in enriching form and meaning by using paradox in these patterns .For this purpose, the present study analyzed the prominent examples of supplications in Mafatih al-jinan and compared them with the studies done in other works outside the research and came to the conclusion that Supplications due to their literary and artistic richness and connection with the world of revelation, many It contains the verbal techniques that made it stand out among the old literary works, and another point is that the contradiction in the supplication was not only a formal presence, but it was also skillfully used in the meaning dimension and helped to present the meaning to be more visible and prominent.

Abstract The psychological analysis of the novel is an important entry point for understanding the social reality and the tensions and crises that man suffers as a result of what modern civilization has brought about and its conflicts between the ancient heritage and the challenges of the present. This psychological study comes to shed light on the distinguished creative work of the Jordanian novelist Jalal Barjas, who won the International Prize for Arabic Fiction (Booker) in 2021 AD for his social novel “Notebooks of the Bookseller”. It is noticeable that the novelist, in his novel, depicted the social environment in which he lived in all its dimensions, especially the negative ones, in an attempt to embody the lived reality, and its abhorrent manifestations and repercussions full of impressive images burdened with the wounds of the past, the bitterness of the present, and the absence of a hoped-for future. And this study tries to analyze the psychology of the hero, who represents the segment of the educated young man who is disappointed in his subjective introversions and false visions in the imagination, which is a living image that cannot be missed in the complexes of the third world, which is under the pressure of modernity, subordination and cultural dissociation. This study attempts to analyze the psychology of the hero, who represents the frustrated class of the intellectual, floundering. in order to explore the secrets of the writer's psychology and her repressed visions embodied in the character of the hero. Exploring the features of the hero's personality ultimately leads to the significance of the story and the messages and discourses that it carries, which often come to correct behavioral distortions in a society wracked by crises. Perhaps the first thing that is learned from this novel is the writer’s knowledge of the details of the social life he lived and closely touched, and his skill in writing it in a novel.

Abstract Narcissism" is one of the types of personality disorders in which a person has an indescribable love and interest for himself. Heinz kohat defined it as follows: "excessive attention and focus on oneself, accompanied by a feeling of pride and arrogance" and” Utopia; It is an ideal society whose people live in perfect and perfect conditions". This term was given a wider meaning by the English psychologist, George Wells, under the title "Utopia". This research tries to investigate the evolution of narcissism to the drawing of utopia in Saalik's poetry with a descriptive and analytical method. The results of the research indicate that the psychological phenomenon of narcissism in the personality of Saalik poets, to draw an ideal society through the publication of prominent human traits; like kindness and generosity, steadfast patience, forgiveness, anti-tyranny, equality and equality lead to the enjoyment of material and social rights, which have always been emphasized in Islamic teachings.

Abstract In this article, we will dedicate the discourse on the structure of the site, and both the ideological and psychological levels related to the “Granada Trilogy”, showing the author's brilliant thought and ambitious spirit, and shedding light on the importance of that through what the characters say, as given by the narrators. In light of the previously analyzed positions of the narrators in the “Trilogy”, it becomes explicit to us that the author focuses on a knowledgeable narrator who is present and absent at the same time. However, the latter is more often present in the novel. That is, the ideological level in the trilogy was represented by several axes, such as religion, politics, society, and history, all of which were linked to each other to form the narrative text that was crystallized with a fascinating thought. Hence, the author seemed aware and broadly cultured of the history of the Arab world, as the present is nothing but an extension of the past since research in the past helps the recipient understand his present, and to preserve his entity and his Arab identity from any rape or assault. Indeed, this is what the novelist aimed for as she derived from historical events a contemporary intellectual and artistic vision to serve its political, social, and religious goals. From a sociological perspective, what we have seen in the novel by “Radwa Ashour” represents being aware of the events and the ongoing conflict in Granada, which is symbolized by Palestine today, about identity and land. This stems from a conscious culture and mature thought, which made its narrative a confidently-paced vision, related to the environment and the society she was born in. Altogether, those aspects formed a psychological obsession with how to preserve it, and expel every occupier and usurper of the land. Thereupon, in this study, we relied on the structural-formal approach because the “Granada Trilogy” narrates psychological, social, and intellectual pain.