Document Type : Scientific- Research Article
Authors
1 PhD student in the Department of Arabic Language and Literature at Kashan University, Kashan, Iran.
2 Associate Professor in the Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran.
3 Associate Professor in the Department of English at Kashan University, Kashan, Iran.
Abstract
In efficient educational systems, it is believed that in today's changing world, the science lifetime is so short and the issues must be considered critically; therefore, it has been attempted to improve and flourish this kind of thinking in different educational backgrounds and levels. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to analyze the Arabic textbooks exercises of junior high schools regarding the attention paid on critical thinking skills discussed in Lipman's Theory. The methodology applied in this research is descriptive as well as content analysis methodology and Shannon entropy weighting method has been used in order to determine the importance coefficient of the studied components. Statistical sample and population coincide on each other including all of the exercises in Arabic textbooks of junior high schools in academic year of 1401-1402 Hijri/ 2022-2023 A.D. The books are in three volumes. In order to obtain the purposes of the research, a list of Lipman's critical thinking skills has been utilized as research tool including nine components as follows; Being collective, questioning, assessing evidence and statements, argumentation, interpretation, analysis, logic, being explicit, and judge. Based on the research data in all three educational levels, the three components of interpreting, analyzing and assessing evidence and statements have the highest frequency and the three components of being explicit, judging and reasoning have the lowest frequency; Generally The findings of the research illustrate that, Lipman's critical thinking skills have not been paid balanced and equal attention. These results also indicate that incongruity in using different skills have been increased in parallel with studying in higher grades. So, in this regard, the studied educational content requires to be reviewed and corrected.
Keywords
- Critical thinking
- Lipman's Theory
- content analysis
- Arabic textbooks
- junior high school
- linguistic exercises
Main Subjects
A: Arabic references
- Esma'ili, Sajjad, "The study of the effects of using critical thinking on improving speaking skills of Arabic literature students", Journal of Arabic Learning and Teaching Studies. 4 (7), 1398 Hijri (2020 A.D.), pp 93-114.
- Esma'ili, Sajjad, Isa Mottaghizade; Khalil Parvini and Rouhollah Rahmatian, "utilization rate of critical thinking skills in teaching Arabic literal texts in B.A. degree of Iran state universities", Journal of Humanities Studies, 23 (1), 1394 Hijri (2016 A.D.), pp 19-34.
- Aljabouri, M. Sa'd Jad Allah, "critical thinking skills written in Arabic grammar book in fifth grade (preparatory grade) and obtaining rate of these skills by students", Proceedings of the Third International Scientific Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences, (Gilrs' Education Collage (education) – Al Ghadesiye University) dated 18th and 19th of Neysan (April) 2022 A.D., pp 215-252.
- Jerin, Judith, Thinking and Language, translated by abdorrahim Jabr, Egypt: Book Public Organization of Egypt, 1992 A.D.
- Dahlan, Omar Ali, "the Woman's image in Arabic text book of Palestine primary schools", Journal of Scientific Research in Education, 16, 2015 A.D. pp 389-405.
- Aldimi, Ayad Ahmad Sheyhan and Omar Abdorrazagh alhoymel, "Critical thinking skills written in Arabic textbook of eighth grade in Jordan (descriptive analytical study)", Journal of Islamic Collage of Educational Sciences and Psychology, 26 (3), 2018 A.D., pp 548-574.
- Asseyed, Mahmoud Ahmad, "Declaring thinking and language", Journal of Arabic Association in Damascus (former journal of Arabic scientific association), 88 (4), 2015 A.D., pp 895-910.
- Tami'at, Roshdi, Ahmad, Content analysis in humanities, Cairo, Dar-o-l-fekr-o-l-arabi, 2004 A.D.
- Mahmoud, Salah-o-d-din Orfat, Borderless thinking (contemporary educational insights in thinking learning and teaching), Egypt: Dar-e- Alam-al-kotob, 2006 A.D.
B- Persian references
- Aghababayi, Naser, An Introduction to Critical Thinking and its Teaching, Tehran: The organization of Studying and Compiling Humanities University Textbooks (Samt), Humanities Development and Research Institute, 1399 Hijri.
- Aghazadeh, Moharram and Mohammad Ahadian, Practical Guide of Curriculum Planning, Tehran: Nour Pardazan-Peyvand, 1377 Hijri.
- Azar, Adel, "Developing Shannon entropy Methodology to process data in content analysis", Scientific Research Quarterly of Humanities, Azzahra University, 11 (37 and 38), 1380 Hijri, pp 1018.
- Ayzank Michel and Mark Kin (2015 A.D.), Cognitive Psychology of Language, Thinking, Excitement, and Alertness, translated by Hossein Zare', Tehran: Ketab-e-Arjmand, 1397 Hijri.
- Esma'ili, Sajjad; Isa Mottaghizade; " The Study of the Effects of Using Critical Thinking on Literal Texts Reading Comprehension of Arabic Literature Students in Iran", Bimonthly of linguistic inquiries, 8 (2) (successive 37), 1396 Hijri (2017 A.D.), pp 101-125.
- Esma'ili, Sajjad, Isa Mottaghizade; Khalil Parvini and Rouhollah Rahmatian, (The Position Evaluation of Critical Thinking Skills in Arabic Literature Text Books in B.A. Degree of Arabic Literature ", Journal of Arabic Literature Iranian Association, 39, 1395 Hijri (2017 A.D,), pp 181-204.
- Brown, H. Daglas (2007 A.D.), Language Teaching and Learning Principles, translated by Mansour Fahim, Tehran: Rahnama, 1392 Hijri.
- Tarahhomi Ardakani, Mohammad Hashem, The Study of the Position of Mito Lipman's critical thinking in the Content of Mathematics Text Books in Junior High Schools,A. thesis, Psychology and Educational Sciences Collage, Ahwaz Shahid Chamran University, 1390 Hijri (2012 A.D.).
- Tilston, Dona Waker (2000 A.D.), The Best Educational Activities (based on studies on brain, learning styles and effective training criteria), translated by Ahmad Sharifian; Leyla Piri; Bayram Ali Ranjgar and Ali Asghar Mir Akhorlou, Tehran; Zarbaf, 1382 Hijri.
- Khalilzadeh, Nourollah and Akbar Sleiman Nejad, Critical Thinking, Bija: Mehr Amir-a-l Momenin, 1383 Hijri.
- Debono, Edward, (1999 A.D.). Six Bonnets of Thinking: New Insight to thinking management, translated by Azin Izadifar, Tehran: Peyk-e-Bahar, 1382 Hijri.
- Rasouli, Mahasti and Zahra Amir Atashani, Content Analysis Based on Text Book, Tehran: Jame'e Shenasan, 1390 Hijri.
- Educational Planning and Research Organization, Arabic, The Language of Quran of the Seventh Grade of Junior High School, Office of authorship of General Subjects and Senior High School. Education Ministry of Islamic Republic of Iran, 1401 Hijri.
- _____________________________________________ Arabic, The Language of Quran of the Eighth Grade of Junior High School, Office of authorship of General Subjects and Senior High School. Education Ministry of Islamic Republic of Iran, 1401 Hijri.
- _____________________________________________ Arabic, The Language of Quran of the Ninth Grade of Junior High School, Office of authorship of General Subjects and Senior High School. Education Ministry of Islamic Republic of Iran, 1401 Hijri.
- San Sebli, Safuria, Critical Thinking Skills in Sociology Text Book of Tenth Grade of Senior High School Based on Lipman's Critical Thinking Model in Academic Year of 1398-1399, M.A. thesis, Nasibe Pardis of Farhangian University, 1399 Hijri (2020 A.D.).
- Sho'ari Nejad, Ali Akbar, A New Insight to Learning Psychology or Behavior Modification Psychology, (V.1), Tehran: Chapbakhsh, 1380 Hijri.
- Saffariye, Mohaddese and Zahra Arab Kermani, "The Study of the Amount of Attention Paid on Critical Thinking in Sociology Text Book of Third Grade of Primary School", Specialized Scientific Biquarterly of Primary Education, 2 (3), 1399 Hijri (2020 A.D.), pp 75-86
- Cruse-Anderson, Timouti (2007 A.D.), Critical Thinking, translated by Masoud Farahmand Far, Tehran: Etela'at, 1393 Hijri.
- Lotf Abadi, Hossein, Educational Psychology, Tehran: Samt, 1391 Hijri.
- Marzino, Robert Jee et.el (1988 A.D.), Thinking Fields in Teaching – Learning Process, translated by Javad Soleimanpour, Tonekabon: Islamic Azad University, 1383 Hijri.
- Maleki, Hasan, Preliminaries of Educational Planning, Tehran: The organization of Studying and Compiling Humanities University Textbooks (Samt), Humanities Development and Research Institute, 1387 Hijri.
- Hashemi, Seyyed Ahmad, Critical Thinking; The Main Purpose of Education, Shiraz: Islamic Azad University, Lamerd in corporation with Navid Shiraz Press, 1393 Hijri.
- Yar Mohammadian, Mohammad Hossein, Principles of Educational Planning, Tehran: Yadvare-y-e-Ketab, 1394 Hijri.
C- English reference
- Lipman, M. (2003). “Thinking in Education”, Montclair State University, New York: Cambridge University Press.
)