Studies on Arabic Language and Literature

Abstract The article focuses on the poet Hamad Al-Dokhi’s use of opposing dualities in his poetry as an effective rhetorical tool, such as sadness and joy, distress and prosperity, distress and abundance, and others, to create dynamic tension in his poems. Through these dualities, the poet succeeds in highlighting deep human contradictions and conflicts.  He uses these opposite pairs to depict the tragedy, suffering and deprivation that man faces.  At the same time, these dualities give his poems a philosophical and spiritual dimension.                                                                   The article analyzes in detail how Al-Dukhi employs these contradictory pairs to create influential poetic and expressive power.  She concludes that the dualistic opposites are a prominent feature of the poet’s style and add depth and complexity to his poems. He depicts them accurately in which he expresses his feelings and thoughts, internal conflicts, a feeling of loneliness, and the search for meaning and identity.  This study is based on the descriptive and analytical approach. It dealt with the poet’s poetic evidence as an expression of reality to reveal its contradictory dualities that the poet employed as information about his poetic experience and his social life. The research touched on the poet’s self-concept, conveying his vision through his personal and artistic experiences, and demonstrating the aspects of the poet’s interaction with the universe and life.  To form a kind of special human existence, the research found that employing opposite dualities in his poetry enhances poetic expression by showing the contradictions and disparities between different concepts, which arouses the reader’s attention and contemplation of the folds of the text.  It also creates a sense of harmony and balance and contributes to communicate feelings and ideas. To take the advantage of poetic suggestions and experiences contributed to develop the poet’s style, and his search for deep meanings in poetry contributed to explore his cultural and social identity in innovative and exciting ways.  Keywords: dualities, reality; self; Hamad Mahmoud Al-Dukhi.   Extended summary Introduction This research focuses on the binaries in the works of Hamad Mahmoud Al-Doukhi, a contemporary Iraqi poet. These opposites form a central element in the construction of his poetic texts, reflecting the deep contradictions that individuals experience in the face of reality, society, and existence. The study primarily relies on analyzing these binaries as an artistic and aesthetic tool, reflecting the poet's worldview and helping him express his personal experience through interaction with external reality. The research aims to reveal how these dualities are employed in Al-Doukhi's poetry and their impact on the formation of his poetic texts, deepening their meanings. This study seeks to reveal the extent to which these dualities shape his poetic texts and deepen their meanings, opening new horizons for the study and understanding of Al-Doukhi’s work from a broader, more nuanced perspective. Further study of Al-Doukhi’s poetry is recommended, especially concerning the role of symbols and myths, or through comparative critical analysis with other poets. Additionally, extensive research on the influence of Iraq's social and political environment on the formation of these binary oppositions in his poetry would be valuable.   Materials & Methods The study uses a descriptive-analytical approach to examine Al-Doukhi's poetic works and extract these opposites. Several research questions are raised to explore the influence of these dualities on the structure of the poetic text and how they function as a rhetorical tool to enhance the depth of poetic expression. Among these questions: How do opposite binaries affect the poet's subjective experience? How does the poet depict reality and self in his poetry? How does the interaction and conflict between the external world and the inner self manifest? Reality in Al-Doukhi's poetry is a pivotal element that extends beyond the superficial description of daily events, becoming a creative process that reshapes the world from a philosophical and spiritual perspective. His poems transcend physical limitations, expressing his personal vision and experience with the surrounding world. Through the interaction between self and reality, the poet reflects his understanding of the world and raises fundamental questions about life, death, existence, and nothingness. The "self" in Al-Doukhi's poetry is not merely a reflection of his personality but an active element that interacts with the outside world, expressing a constant search for meaning and purpose. The poet reflects in his texts the interrelationship between self and reality, demonstrating the influence of external reality on shaping the self’s vision.   Research findings The dualities of reality and self in Al-Doukhi's poetry are divided into several categories, such as life and death, security and fear, abundance and scarcity, representing reality, and joy and sadness, hope and despair, love and hate, representing the self. These dualities are woven throughout his texts, serving as the main interlocutors from which the poet's ideas and visions about life emerge. The study concludes that the binaries in Hamad Mahmoud Al- Doukhi's poetry are a fundamental rhetorical tool, deepening the impact of his poetic texts and enhancing their resonance with readers. These opposites reflect the contradictions and tensions individuals face in their encounter with the world, giving his poems a philosophical and spiritual dimension. Al-Doukhi also uses these binaries to encourage readers to deeply contemplate the meanings of life and death, joy and sadness, security and fear. The duality of life and death is one of the most prominent binaries in his poetry. Death in his work is not only an inevitable end but also a continuous source of anxiety and tension that accompanies a person throughout life. Al-Doukhi presents life and death as a state of constant conflict, experienced by the individual in the face of time and fate. In conclusion, Al-Doukhi employs these binaries as both a rhetorical and philosophical device to express the profound contradictions people experience in life.   Discussion of Results & Conclusion Al-Doukhi expresses the internal and external conflicts humans face, embodying the contradictions of existence in his poetic texts, which give his work a philosophical and spiritual character. The duality of life and death overlap in his poetry, where one cannot live without feeling the shadow of death that haunts each step. The duality of joy and sadness is manifested in his poetry by illustrating the emotional turmoil experienced by individuals. The poet conveys his internal conflict and reflects the emotional contradictions people experience in their daily lives, embodying the individual's struggle for happiness and stability. In Al-Doukhi’s texts, joy and sadness are intertwined; he cannot express joy without also depicting the sadness that perpetually accompanies it. The duality of security and fear is another prominent theme in Al-Doukhi's poetry, particularly when portraying the ever-changing external world. He captures the turmoil and uncertainty that individuals experience in the face of reality. Security represents the desire for stability and peace, while fear symbolizes the constant anxiety that haunts humans due to life’s uncertainties. In his poetry, Al-Doukhi highlights the conflicting relationship between security and fear, revealing how individuals exist between these two extremes, lending his texts a deep dramatic quality. The duality of abundance and scarcity is another significant opposition in Al-Doukhi's poetic framework. This duality reflects the tension between luxury and deprivation, the sense of expansiveness and the feeling of constraint. The poet uses this contrast to express the anxiety and suffocation experienced by individuals in their interaction with society and the world. In Al-Doukhi's poetry, abundance is linked to freedom, while scarcity reflects the isolation and restriction people feel due to societal pressures and challenges.

Abstract The balance between poets in the history of criticism. Arabic literature has presented itself since the first centuries, but the thing that shows itself in all of these balances that appeared at the forefront of criticism is the reliance on whims and taste in criticism, and from these books it is possible to point to the book Al-Muqayat by Al-Amidi, who wrote the balance. Between Abu Tammam and Al-Buhturi, Al-Amidi’s reliance on taste has resulted. By relying on the method of critical discourse analysis, we want to study some poetic models of poets, and we chose these models by relying on Al-Amdi’s book, and the title that was chosen from this book is “Their Coming Out to Praise by Remembrance of Rain.” We noticed in this section that Al-Amdi brought three poems, a poem from Abu Tammam and two poems from Al-Bukhuri. The author of the book on the budget ruled in favor of Al-Bukhuri and did not mention evidence or reason for this ruling. Hence, we went beyond providing an analysis of these poems, relying on the approach of critical discourse analysis, which pays great attention to the issue of linguistic accumulation. In the descriptive stage and through studying the central vocabulary present in Abu Tammam’s poem, we noticed that rain and the meanings and vocabulary associated with it are repeated in every verse, even he reaches the praise of the praiseworthy. The repetition of these words caused linguistic congestion, which led to textual cohesion through which the poet was able to convey the ideas and visions contained in his poem to his addressee and those praised. On the other hand, Al-Buhturi followed the approach of the ancients in the beginning of ghazals and al-nasib, and he did not care about the issue of linguistic accumulation. This is why we see his two poems devoid of textual cohesion that connects the parts of the poem. This is why we do not notice a deep connection between the different topics that the poet addresses. As Abu Tammam described what he mentioned of Abu Tammam’s poem in this way, this is neither delicious nor sweet, and he does not mention a reason for this description, but we wanted to re-read this poem by relying on a new scientific approach so that we can reach new results in this field. Keywords: Linguistic Accumulation, Textual Cohesion, Fairclough, Abu Tammam, Al-Buhturi       Introduction The study of linguistic accumulation and its role in textual cohesion is fundamental in understanding the stylistic differences in classical Arabic poetry. This paper focuses on the works of two major poets of the Abbasid era, Abu Tammam and Al-Buhturi, examining how linguistic elements are accumulated and contribute to the cohesion of their poetic texts. Through the lens of Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) method, this research seeks to uncover the deep structures that give meaning to their texts, emphasizing the interaction between linguistic features and social context. Al-Amidi’s book, Al-Muvazeneh, serves as the primary source for comparing the poetic techniques of both poets, particularly how they approach rhetoric, metaphor, and cohesion. By drawing from Al-Amidi’s critical perspective and applying Fairclough's modern framework, this study bridges classical Arabic criticism with contemporary discourse analysis, offering new insights into how both poets employ linguistic accumulation to achieve textual coherence and influence their audience. The research not only aims to highlight stylistic differences but also examines the social and ideological factors embedded in their poetry, exploring how these factors contribute to the overall impact of their works.   Materials & Methods The research employs a dual-method approach, integrating traditional Arabic literary criticism with contemporary critical discourse analysis. The primary materials for this study include the poetry collections of **Abu Tammam and Al-Buhturi, both of whom represent key figures in Abbasid-era literature. The selection of their texts was guided by the literary critiques provided in Al-Amidi's book Al-Muvazeneh, which contrasts the two poets' approaches to rhetorical and linguistic elements. The methodology is divided into two phases. In the first phase, Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework is applied to the selected poems to examine how linguistic accumulation, such as repetition, metaphor, and parallel structures, contributes to textual cohesion. The CDA method allows for a deeper understanding of how these linguistic features interact with social and ideological contexts. In the second phase, a comparison is made between the findings of the CDA analysis and Al-Amidi's traditional critique to explore the convergence and divergence between classical and modern perspectives on textual cohesion. This hybrid approach allows for a comprehensive analysis that highlights both the aesthetic and social dimensions of the poetry.   Research Findings The analysis revealed distinct differences in how Abu Tammam and Al-Buhturi employ linguistic accumulation to achieve textual cohesion. Abu Tammam, known for his complex and dense use of language, often relies on rhetorical devices such as metaphors, allusions, and intricate wordplay, creating a layered textual structure that challenges the reader. His use of linguistic accumulation tends to reflect deeper philosophical or abstract themes, which align with his reputation for intellectual poetry. The CDA analysis indicated that Abu Tammam’s poetry often engages with social and ideological discourse, reflecting the complexities of Abbasid society. In contrast, Al-Buhturi utilizes simpler, more direct language, favoring clarity and elegance over complexity. His poetry focuses on vivid imagery and emotional expression, with linguistic accumulation primarily serving to enhance the sensory and aesthetic experience of the text. The cohesion in Al-Buhturi’s poetry is more linear, with a clearer connection between the linguistic elements and the overall theme of the poem. Al-Amidi's critique in Al-Muvazeneh confirms these observations, noting that while Abu Tammam’s style is intellectually stimulating, Al-Buhturi’s poetry is more accessible and emotionally resonant.   Discussion of Results & Conclusion   The findings highlight significant differences in how Abu Tammam and Al-Buhturi utilize linguistic accumulation to achieve textual cohesion. Abu Tammam’s intricate and often challenging style reflects his engagement with intellectual and ideological discourse, suggesting a deeper interaction between language and social context. His poetry demonstrates how linguistic accumulation can be used not only for aesthetic purposes but also to convey complex social meanings, as identified through Fairclough’s CDA framework. Al-Amidi's critiques in Al-Muvazeneh align with this, emphasizing Abu Tammam’s preference for intellectual complexity.   Conversely, Al-Buhturi’s simpler, more emotionally-driven language allows for a different type of cohesion, one that relies on the clarity of expression and the accumulation of vivid imagery. His approach demonstrates how linguistic accumulation can enhance the sensory and aesthetic experience, making his poetry more accessible to a broader audience.   The research concludes that while both poets use linguistic accumulation effectively, their differing approaches highlight the diversity of Abbasid-era poetry. Fairclough’s CDA method provided a modern lens to understand these classical texts, revealing the interplay between language, society, and textual cohesion. This study contributes to bridging classical Arabic criticism with modern discourse analysis, offering new perspectives on these iconic poets.

Abstract The deconstruction trend, which began independently with the ideas of Jacques Derrida, revolves around the urgency of rebuilding the text after a devastating demolition. Derrida's style in his literary criticism is based on deconstructing the text on the basis of destroying the certainty of meaning and the centrality of fixed semantics rather than being aimed at rebuilding the text. However, with the entry of this movement into the Arab world and its resurgence in the bosom of Abdullah Al-Ghadami's works, this trend found new life and was based on rebuilding the text as the most important artistic function of literary criticism. Within the aforementioned, poetic suggestion and inspiration can be considered the main catalyst for the realization of this propaganda. In this research, depending on the descriptive-analytical approach, the role of suggestion in enriching the deconstructive approach was studied under the shadow of Abdullah Al-Ghadami's actions in the book AI-Kateia and Takfir. The results indicate that this element provides remarkable developments in this approach, including: coherence of interpretation and writing, delving into the problematic, destroying the text and reconstructing it as a literary text, the poeticity of the reader, and Change the speech style.
Keywords: Reading, poetic suggestion, deconstructive criticism, Abdullah Al-Ghadami.
Extended summary

Introduction

In the last era, in the field of literary criticism, certainty was denied and forced and replaced with doubt and lack of certainty in meaning. There is no doubt that doubt and the destruction of certainty is not just a challenge to the literary text , but rather what is seen is the collapse of the literary text, its dismantling, and then its arrangement again on the basis of the principles of a new critical approach. With the introduction of this idea to the Arab world and its resurgence under the works of Abdullah Al-Ghadhami, emphasis was placed on the aesthetic aspects of the literary text, such as the music of words, and the use of metaphors, similes, to rebuild the literary text after its destruction under the deconstructive idea. Meanwhile, there is an essential element that plays an active role in the use of these tools, as this element is considered a driving factor and these tools are media used to create a new text resulting from deconstructive reading. This force and basic element are nothing but poetic suggestions and inspirations. This internal tool is used in the text to create a unique semantic space in the literary text.
 

Material and methods

In this study; Relying on deconstructive critical foundations; the effectiveness of this element to renew the literary text is being studied. At the same time; the achievements brought about by this element in the literary text are discussed with a focus on Al-Ghudhami’s views in the book: “Sin and Atonement from Structuralism to Anatomicalism.” What is important in Abdullah Al-Ghadhami’s critical works is his focus on the practical aspect and application to literary examples in criticism. In this regard, his special interest in the factor of poetic inspiration occupies a special place in his critical approach. To achieve this goal, Al-Ghadhami first divided the literary text into smaller components called poetic sentences. Then, by merging these poetic sentences with the reader’s scientific repositories that may be the result of reading other texts that he has read before and are still in his imagination, and also by using emotional experiences and cultural influences, the reader reconstructs the text anew with a context that may be completely different from what the writer first wanted. By observing this element in small components and linking it to deconstructing meaning, we reveal its importance and the secret of its beauty to generate new meaning.

Research findings

He mentions several factors to evoke and activate the element of suggestion in reading the text, and among these factors are: balance and good choice of words, illusion and failure to dissect the moral intent, separating the signifier from its meaning, polarizing the effect, and quotation. It is also believed that there are artistic characteristics that occur during the deconstruction of the text by relying on the element of suggestion, such as: cohesion of interpretation and writing: given that the relationship between the reader and the text is an existential relationship; Because the reader, according to his psychological feeling, casts a shadow over the text, so that a different interpretation and context occurs in every reading, and the reader’s interpretation is what gives the literary text an artistic characteristic.
 

Discussion of Results

 Involvement in the problem: The literary text always opens the door to presenting multiple explanations, interpretations, and meanings in different contexts, by activating its suggestive energies according to each reader and during each particular reading. It enables the reader to provide multiple explanations, interpretations, and meanings, just as the reader also has his own spiritual states and meanings stored in His mind causes the text to become a spacious world for the wandering of contradictions and multiplicity in meaning and truth, and the destruction of centrality. The text is transformed from a literary work to a literary text: With this view, the way the literary text is interpreted and analyzed differs. So, we liberate the text from the fence of positivistic and arbitrary connotations (as Al-Ghadhami puts it) and place it before a broad horizon of meanings and concepts emerging from different contexts. Poetic reading: Al-Ghadhami, as a deconstructed critic, looks at the literary text with the belief that the text itself is not very important. In fact, it is the reader who gives him a new spirit in every reading.

Abstract It is no surprise that political conflicts reached their peak in the Umayyad era. An era of strife and ideological differences that caused a great rift in Islamic culture, the unity of which began to fragment after the crystallization of parties warring among themselves. Umayyads, Shiites, Zubayrids, and Kharijites. However, no party had the lust for war and blood like the Kharijite party, which arose from a polemical origin based on opposition to the collective structure of Ali’s (peace be upon him) supporters. Until their opposition became a complex opposition, they revolted against Ali and Muawiyah together, and did not approach any of the groups of the Umayyad era, regardless of their differences, raising the banners of war, thinking that fighting and shedding the blood of “the other” were the standard for proving the desired courage and sovereignty, and therefore the specter of death dominated their lives and behaviors. Accordingly, the verses of the Kharijites declared specific manifestations of war and its requirements of courage and strength. Especially since it is - according to their claim - a war of truth, as declared by the aesthetics of jihad, the greatness of martyrdom, and the right of the Kharijites to take over the affairs of the Muslims. But it harbored the patterns of fanaticism, brutality, tyranny, exclusion, and existential anxiety of a party whose members did not know how to rely on peace, but rather remained among the dust of soaking and the battlefields of battle, the specter of destruction lurking over them. Keywords: The System, The Kharijite Party, War, Death, Exclusion. Extended Summary Introduction Ancient Arabic poetry, specifically the poetry of the Khawarij, is a rich literary material with its explicit and implicit patterns, especially the pattern of war, which occupied the Khawarij’s attention and devoted all their energies to it. They harnessed religious texts and adhered to the literal meaning of the text to serve their combat purposes, which raised them to the explicit level as heroes, mujahidin, seeking martyrdom and immortality, but on the implicit ruins of brutality, injustice, and the violation of taboos. Between this and that, we can say: The declared system and the implicit system are dependent on a third system, or a third text between the present and the absent, which is the “systematic text” that seeks to search for the cultural truth based on the declared literary texts and their aesthetics that hide implicit foci of the flaws that characterized the poetry of the Khawarij and the mechanisms of thinking in the midst of which the poetic awareness of that “gang” grew, which declared a break with all other partisan cultures, despite the diversity of their ideological tendencies, so that Khawarij poetry would thus be the incubator of the intellectual awareness organizing that social segment that gave the war its absolute attention, until its masters lost sight of the sustainable ideological foundation that qualifies them to gain the continuity of social populism.   Research findings Many studies have addressed the poetry of the Khawarij after applying the data of cultural criticism to it, the most prominent of which was "Cultural Systems in the Poetry of the Khawarij in the Umayyad Era (The Poetry of Al-Tirimah as a Model)" by Enas Boubis, in which she focused on the poet's pride of himself and his group, and his keenness to alert the Umayyads to the importance of the Khawarij, so the implicit system showed his rebellion and his feeling of injustice. We also can point to the research "The Rhetorical Tendency in the Poetry of the Khawarij - A Study in the Light of Cultural Criticism" by: Alaa Mohsen Al-Hasani, in which the researcher monitored the human struggle between the dualities: "I / The other", "Life / Death", "Presence / Absence", "Time / Place", trying to monitor the implicit system based on the feeling of injustice in the first place. Between the declarations of courage and the implications of existential anxiety, "death" is present as a cultural focus revealing the existential anxiety of the Khawarij, their fear and the wavering of their beliefs. War and death often coincided in the poetry of the Khawarij, who, no matter how hard they tried to reconcile with the idea of ​​death as an eternity for them in the paradise that they promised themselves according to their extremist belief, the implicit system indicates their anxiety about death, which carries the unknown trouble after death. In the shadow of the veil that obscured their insight, they suffered a lack of the ideal that guarantees their existence, and this explains their division and fragmentation - despite their small number - into groups and groups. It is known that the absence of an ideal scatters opinion and loses the compass. Between the declarations of war of truth and the implications of brutality and exclusion of the other, the adoption of the alleged truth in the view of the Khawarij was based on harsh behaviors, depended mainly on exclusion, injustice, brutality, and excommunication of the other no matter how much he defended his right. Within the duality of "truth/falsehood," the Khawarij always tried to push any other to the side of falsehood, even under the edge of the sword that remained raised to the end of the last Khawarij. Perhaps what supports this trend is the absence of the eloquent Khawarij jurist; as history has not recorded - to the best of my knowledge - a Khawarij intellectual debate or doctrinal argumentation that refutes the claims of opponents. Therefore, the Khawarij found that the edge of the sword was more effective in informing than books that they did not have the energy to inform through. One of the Khawarij poets set conditions for the seeker of truth, which must be embodied in order to attain his desired right. These conditions are: avoiding the temptation of hope, not submitting to fleeting desires, in addition to working to please God and seek His reward, and stocking up on piety, in addition to raising the banner of conquest against who oppose the desired goals. It seems that the implicit exclusionary element is the textual agent that dictated to the poet the adoption of a perspective of truth, tailored to the Khawarij who did not hesitate to dwarf truth to his own dimensions, in which he did not forget the sense of brutality and bloodshed. Discussion of Results The research concluded with the following results: - The poets of the Khawarij tried - in their systematic declaration - to show the courage of the Khawarij who does not fear death, but the implicit system revealed that this courage was a cover for what the subconscious carries of existential anxiety that death was always an obsession to stir. The frequent presence of the words of death in the poetry of the Khawarij is nothing but an implicit indication of their anxiety about its control, so their poetic consciousness raised the banners of its challenge and confrontation. - The existential anxiety carried data that may indicate the oscillation of the Khawarij doctrine that was imbued with ideological and doctrinal anxiety, which emerged from the womb of the duality of "war / death"; the central duality in the Khawarij thought based on violence and the fanaticism of exclusion and extremism. Accordingly, their thought came as a reactionary thought that disrupted the natural relations that regulate every duality; The duality of “war/death or -as they claim- martyrdom” did not harmonize with the duality of “means/purpose”; war was a means while death did not constitute an end except in their weak declaration. - The ideal was absent in the literature of the Khawarij, who justified the killing of any caliph or imam who deviated from their goals, which they publicly dressed in the garb of righteous religion and piety. This explains why they killed more than one of their leaders before brandishing their swords in the face of their opponents.

Abstract Sociolinguistics, by studying the reciprocal influence between language and society, seeks to analyze the role of language in human interactions. The novel, as a linguistic discourse encompassing a wide range of literary styles, serves as a window through which the reader can perceive social realities from a linguistic perspective. Hybridization is defined as the blending of language with various literary styles within a single literary work, allowing for an analysis that integrates diverse voices and perspectives. It also enables the study of a broad spectrum of individual and social voices. Celestial Bodies by Jokha Alharthi vividly embodies different forms of hybridization. This study aims to examine and analyze the manifestations of hybridization in this novel using a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that hybridization appears in two main dimensions: unintentional and intentional. In the unintentional dimension, the author unconsciously incorporates borrowed vocabulary from Classical Arabic. In the intentional hybridization, Alharthi elevates the integration of her narrative language with various literary styles by employing intertextual references to the Quran and Hadith, incorporating proverbs and Omani colloquial dialect, and utilizing typographical hybridization. The author employs elements of hybridization to reflect class disparities in society, reinforce religious guidance and moral lessons, and affirm the cultural foundations of her community. This contributes to engaging the reader and enriching the novel, significantly influencing the representation of different societal voices and enabling the reader to grasp the contradictions embedded within its structure.   Keywords: Sociolinguistics, Hybridization, Celestial Bodies, Omani Novel.   Extended summary   Introduction The language constitutes the fundamental material of the novel. Language serves as a primary and prominent tool in embodying narrative and novelistic concepts, as it enables the writer to convey descriptions, emotions, concerns, thoughts, and critiques to the reader. Moreover, the novel functions as an effective medium for reflecting linguistic and literary issues and is capable of portraying social realities through language. Sociolinguistics examines the influences of society on language and vice versa, aiming to analyze the social and cultural roles of language in human interactions, individual and collective identity, social and political changes, and manifestations of power. Studying the impact of society on language, or vice versa, allows for a deeper understanding of characters, narrative realities, and the writer’s intent. It also reveals various aspects of the novel, such as social transformations and cultural exchanges. The study of novels that interlink language with social, cultural, and psychological issues holds significant importance. Research that delves deeply into linguistic interactions gains further value, as it allows for the exploration of a broad spectrum of individual and social voices. The study of the novel Celestial Bodies is of great significance, as it incorporates various forms of linguistic and literary blending. This analysis can provide insights into the author’s motivations and her purpose in utilizing these forms to reflect diverse social and cultural concepts. Examining this novel from a sociolinguistic critical perspective and investigating the relationship between language and different literary forms is crucial and highly valuable due to the importance of language and society as well as the role of language in reflecting social realities and individual and collective voices. Materials & Methods This study aims to apply the sociolinguistic approach to analyze the process of blending and hybridization between different linguistic and literary forms in Celestial Bodies by Jokha Alharthi. The goal is to highlight social and cultural diversity, reflect conflicts and differences within society, and convey valuable social messages to the audience. This research examines Celestial Bodies by Omani author Jokha Alharthi from the perspective of sociolinguistics and hybridization, employing a descriptive-analytical method. The study seeks to identify, present, and scientifically analyze the hybrid elements present in this novel. This research examines the novel Celestial Bodies by the Omani author Jokha Alharthi from the perspective of sociolinguistics and hybridization, using a descriptive-analytical approach. The study aims to identify, present, and scientifically analyze the elements of hybridization present in this novel. Research findings The author of Celestial Bodies, Jokha Alharthi, blends her narrative language with diverse literary techniques. This usage manifests in two dimensions: intentional and unintentional. In the unintentional dimension, the author utilizes borrowed words that have entered the Arabic language unconsciously. She also innovates her narrative language by unconsciously incorporating words from English or other languages. The use of these words enables her to convey her concepts and themes to the reader, enriching her narrative style. In the intentional dimension, the author employs various literary techniques to communicate the ideas she wants to express, such as Quranic and Hadith intertextuality, hybridization (in its various forms, including linguistic nesting), and the use of colloquial language, proverbs, and poetry. The author's deliberate use of hybridization elements, particularly her use of colloquial language, is evident. The use of multiple hybridization techniques in Alharthi's work and their integration with the narrative language demonstrates the author's intentionality and awareness. Through her more deliberate and conscious use of intentional hybridization, as opposed to unintentional hybridization, Alharthi sought to convey specific concepts and ideologies to her audience. Discussion & Conclusion Alharthi created a variety of main and secondary characters in her novel within the framework of linguistic division to showcase class differences through language, blending it with the languages of all social classes. In fact, hybridization in this novel appears in the relationships between the characters and their life experiences, with the author reflecting her use of different forms of literature and the language of the novel through the characters' interactions with the challenges they face. The multiple voices in the novel contribute to building a comprehensive picture of the social reality, revealing tensions and internal conflicts within the community. In fact, the author used various forms of literature within her language in this novel, successfully maintaining the narrative identity while presenting different aspects of society, such as social transformations, class distinctions, cultural exchanges, and strengthening the cultural foundations of her society. This element addresses deep social issues like poverty and exploitation, aiming to provoke the reader into critically contemplating these phenomena. It is clear that the author used colloquial Arabic to depict the village space in her novel, the linguistic division to present class differences within society, proverbs to deliver moral advice, and religious intertextuality with the Quran and Hadith to enhance religious teachings, combat ignorance and superstition, and strengthen the cultural foundations of her society. Overall, Alharthi connected various linguistic and literary tools to the language of her novel, enriching her work through the use of hybridization, such as proverbs, linguistic division, and colloquial language. This not only increased its appeal and diversity but also elevated its maturity and depiction. The author does not just narrate events but integrates literary and linguistic tools to create a text that reflects a complex social reality, highlighting contradictions, injustice, and discrimination within society, allowing the reader to reflect upon and engage with these phenomena.

Abstract Cultural criticism is an analytical approach that seeks to understand various texts, including literary ones, by linking them to their cultural and social contexts. It is a branch of broader textual criticism and Abdullah Al-Ghathami has offered new readings of texts, revealing the underlying cultural systems by going beyond the aesthetic dimension in literary criticism. This article aims to study the cultural framework inherent in the short stories of "Wajooha Watan" by Fatima Yusef Al-Ali, using a descriptive-analytical approach within the framework of cultural criticism. The analysis focuses on how the stories embody feminist issues in society, and the impact of traditions and customs on women's self-perceptions and their roles, from the perspective of cultural criticism, particularly Al-Ghathami's approach. Fatima Yusef Al-Ali is renowned for her short stories that address the issues of Kuwaiti women and society in general. This article examines her stories in three main taxes: love and marriage, authorship and writing, and religion and superstitions in shaping female identity. The research shows that the author presents conflicting perceptions of women and their issues. She may sometimes criticize prevailing ideas and trends to better understand women's experiences and challenges, and at other times she may accept and embrace prevailing norms. Overall, the cultural constructs have a significant impact on her writing, as she oscillates between acceptance and rejection of this specific cultural context.
 
Keywords: Cultural Criticism, Cultural Constructs, Story, Abdullah Al-Ghathami, Wajooha Watan.
 
Extended summary

Introduction

Cultural criticism is considered one of the theories that fall within post-structuralist and post-modernist studies, proposed by Leitch to study discourse; these studies began in the last decades of the previous century, as an alternative to literary criticism, encompassing and transcending it at the same time. Among the Arab theorists in this field Abdullah Al-Ghathami declares the death of literary criticism and the transition from criticizing texts to criticizing patterns of knowledge, and from the explicit and implicit aesthetic literary study to systematic significance. Studying the implicit patterns of literary texts reveals new features, especially in the patriarchal system. Within the framework of this criticism, the critic reveals the implicit, unconscious cognitive meanings in systemic sentences, in addition to the grammatical sentences and conscious meanings written by the writer.Al-Ghathami believes that every discourse carries two patterns: conscious and implicit. The field of criticism is to reveal the implicit patterns. The pattern is a central concept in the project of cultural criticism, and it is a historical, eternal, and deeply rooted concept that always prevails in neutralizing people's needs under aesthetic and rhetorical covers. It directs general social behavior.
 

Materials & Methods

This article intends, using a descriptive-analytical approach within the framework of cultural criticism as proposed by Abdullah Al-Ghathami in his project, to study the short stories of the Kuwaiti feminist writer who focuses in her writings on women's issues and presents her works within a comprehensive cognitive discourse framework. The Kuwaiti writer Fatima Yusef Al-Ali" authored articles on social and cultural issues. The stories titled "Wajooha Watan"(1995) include ten stories that address women's crises and their reality in life by a symbolic style. The article addresses the implicit patterns and the conscious humanistic trends of the writer according to the framework of social, cultural, and religious institutions that direct the ideas of society toward a planned intellectual current. It studies her stories in the three themes of love and marriage, authorship and writing, and religion and superstitions to delineate female identity.

Research findings

The topic of love and marriage is raised. In her stories "He and the Crutch" and "Accidentally Fell," the writer discusses man's love according to the prevailing pattern, where she portrays the loving man with sarcasm, causing the woman's character to blame him. The writer describes the woman as envious and jealous, giving her the role of "the blamer." In the story "He and the Crutch," she is praised as long as she remains imaginary and unattainable. Marriage is considered the end of love, when the woman transforms from a dreamy beloved to a real wife. In the story "Accidentally Fell," she sees that a woman's success lies in balancing her family life and her social role. In the story "He and the Crutch," she believes that man's leadership of the family is in the woman's best interest. In the theme of marriage, the writer presents a different kind of love in the story "Return from Honeymoon," emphasizing that a woman's identity should not be limited to marriage alone. In the story "A Faded Day," she highlights the differences in women's issues in society, pointing to the absence of a unified. The woman seeks her voice in "Oh sleep," finding it in music as a human voice liberated from the constraints of gender discrimination. In the stories "Drought" and "The bride has not yet appeared", she consciously criticizes the manipulation and exploitation of religion, and in the story "The Owl," she asserts that superstitions are more prevalent among women than men.
 

Discussion of Results & Conclusion

The research concluded that the writer employs many cultural expressions in her stories, but she mostly appears as a narrator and supporter of the prevailing cultural pattern rather than a critic of it. Under the slogan of 'human language,' she attempts to avoid directly confronting the prevailing cultural pattern.
At the core of the social institution, the writer respects the implicit pattern. She adheres to the objectified image of women, according to stereotypical thinking and suggests achieving a balance between family life and social role. However, on the other hand, as a conscious author, she presents a different kind of love, which is a woman's love for herself, and advises women to take care of their human existence. In the realm of authorship and writing, the writer appears aware of patriarchal and feminist ideas in her texts, and transcends gender issues in her writing, adopting a broader humanistic approach, with a holistic vision to avoid accusations or classifications. In the religious axis, the writer distinguishes between religion and religious culture saturated with superstitions. She criticizes the manipulation and exploitation of religion, but supports the prevailing intellectual pattern. The writer oscillates between adhering to and transcending the traditional pattern.

Abstract Semiotics, also referred to as semiotics or semiology, is the science of investigating signs and uncovering their meanings within a text. It was established in modern times by the Swiss linguist and philosopher Ferdinand de Saussure and the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce. From this theory, various methodologies have emerged, providing critics with tools to understand and interpret the essence of texts. One of the most important methodologies derived from this field is Michael Riffaterre's approach, which examines a text through two readings: The Exploratory Reading: This focuses on issues related to the surface of the text. The Retroactive Reading: This involves decoding the text's symbols and ambiguities to clearly determine its meaning. In this second reading, concepts such as descriptive systems, cumulative expressions, the hypogram, and the structural matrix are analyzed .This study, using a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on Riffaterre's methodology, examines the poem (Elegy to the Sun of June) by the poet Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati. The poem is characterized by its heavy use of satire, exposing the hypocrisy of rulers and deceivers .Key findings include the following: In the exploratory reading, the poet employs techniques like inversion to highlight the significance of certain meanings. He also uses both metonymy and metaphor to create excitement and evoke enthusiasm in the text .In the retroactive reading, the accumulations focus on themes such as (displacement and destruction), (conflict and animosity), (empty claims), and (hypocrisy and complacency). The descriptive systems address themes such as (verbal warfare) and (responsibility). These themes ultimately lead to the hypogram and the structural matrix, which form the semantic network of the text.   Keywords: Semiotics, Riffaterre, Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati, Elegy to the Sun of June   Extended summary Introduction Semiotics, or the science of signs, in contrast to structuralism, which is confined to the text and rejects everything outside it, is a reaction against this confinement adhered to by modern approaches. It makes every sign a signification tha t helps in understanding the text and comprehending the idea. This science is based entirely on three elements: the signifier, the signified, and signification. Several methodologies have emerged from the heart of this science. One of the most prominent is Michael Riffaterre's methodology, which believes that every text can be studied through two readings: The first is called the heuristic reading by this linguist, which is concerned with analyzing the text and understanding it primarily without delving into what is beyond the text. As for the second reading, it is called the retroactive reading, in which the accumulations, descriptive systems, hypograms, and structural matrix are processed. Through this last reading, the critic seeks to reach the depths of the text until he can summarize it, in the end, into a single phrase or a specific and compressed sentence called the structural matrix. Materials & Methods This study aims, through the descriptive-analytical approach and relying on Riffaterre's methodology, to study the poem "Elegy to the Sun of June" by the contemporary Iraqi poet Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati. Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati addresses in this poem the roles of intellectuals in society and how they betrayed the national cause after they laid down their arms and began to be satisfied with talk, arrogance, and mouthing words that are not supported by sincere actions. Research findings From the heart of semiotics emerged Michael Riffaterre's theory, which relies on two forms of reading to study the text: the first is heuristic reading, which cares about the apparent and does not go beyond it, and the second is retrogressive reading, and this last reading goes beyond the apparent to reach what is deeper until it analyzes the text in harmony with the semiotic approach. "Riffaterre's method is one of the methods that rely on structuralism. It seeks to examine the signs within the text to create an interconnected network of signs and a coherent framework that provides criticism and analysis of poetry. The basis of this theory is to discover the semantic network of the poem based on the interpretation based on the literary ability of the reader and trying to identify the origin of the text through the sub-maps spread in it and on the internal coherence of the text despite the existence of linguistic changes that occur in the transition from the heuristic reading to the retrogressive reading retroactively." Based on this, Riffaterre believes that the message of the text cannot be discovered except after subjecting the text to two stages in which it passes from the apparent to reach the depths and hidden secrets behind the thresholds and patterns. Discussion of Results & Conclusion One of the most important semiotic features used by the poet is metaphor in its two forms: transferred and metaphorical, to instill excitement and enthusiasm into the atmosphere of the text. Likewise, symbolism and non-grammaticalities represented by fronting and delaying. As for the semiotic characteristics in retroactive reading, they are all accumulations that revolve around topics: (displacement and destruction), (conflict and grudges), (empty claims), and (hypocrisy and betrayal). As well as the descriptive systems that highlight (the war of words) and (officials) to reach, through these issues, the hypogram that is embodied in the following circles: the fake intellectual, empty claims, loss of determination, weakness and humiliation, starvation and extreme poverty, death for free. As for the semiotic characteristics in retroactive reading, they are all accumulations that revolve around topics: (displacement and destruction), (conflict and grudges), (empty claims), and (hypocrisy and betrayal). As well as the descriptive systems that highlight (the war of words) and (officials) to reach, through these issues, the hypogram that is embodied in the following circles: the fake intellectual, empty claims, loss of determination, weakness and humiliation, starvation and extreme poverty, death for free. The movement of this matrix from top to bottom starts from lies on the tongue of those who claim understanding and culture and want to correct the distortions in society, and ends with the fact that, contrary to what appears, he drags the masses of the people to humiliation and death for free. As for the core of the poem, which Riffaterre calls the structural matrix, it is covering up defeats with false promises so that the public sees them as victories, portraying abject failure, as well as exacerbating crises.

Abstract It is not possible to imagine narrative without the presence of the temporal element and its relationship to the narrative structure of the narrative. The other narrative elements find their entity through their relationship with time, and narrative time embraces the events, and the storyteller makes it a narrative center in which all narrative elements are common. The narrative systematic study of a group of temporal sequences or temporal paradox, a study in narrative discourse, and awareness of time within narrative discourse have a deep understanding of it and other narrative elements. This seeks to develop this specific approach, studying the poem “The Epic of the Military Creature” by the contemporary Jordanian poet Jamil Abu Sabih. The poem is considered a new poetic experience in which different topics are mixed in a single poetic work. A lot of research and critical consideration, and also this research are an important step in identifying his new poetic experience. In this research journey, we aspire to approach his poetry and achieve awareness of him and his vision and ideas through studying the temporal element whose presence dominates the poet’s poems, which express his high narrative awareness of the importance of this narrative element. We also notice that the poem is charged with temporal paradox, and time represents tools, and the poet, with his high narrative awareness, uses the technique of retrieval and temporal anticipation, and in some narrative scenes, the lens of the narrative camera go back and recounts the past experience of the character and its relationship to the past events that occurred from the character, where he tampered with life. With its physical tendencies, temporal interruption, and the use of temporal anticipation in a poetic scene in which the poet draws the glow of the soul and the presence of the poem on a winter night, an emphasis on the inevitability of life’s effectiveness after getting rid of futile, murderous tendencies, waging war, confrontation, and confronting the other. Keywords: Chronological structure, Jamil Abu Sabih, modern Jordanian poetry, the epic of the warlike creature. Extended summary   Introduction The text cannot be understood and understood in every new creative experience without paying attention to time. According to the expression of Siza Qasim, the narrative element and the main component of the narrative discourse and the fixed and important structure on which the novel is built and enhances the presence of the narrative elements and is considered the important narrative incubator on which the other narrative elements perform their function by relying on it. This research, in its critical journey, follows the descriptive-analytical approach in studying this poem, which enjoys the early spaces that deserve research. And the study. What concerns us in this study is the temporal element and its relationship to events and other elements and understanding the poet's ideas and familiarity with them. Among the questions that concern us in this critical journey are: What are the most important temporal characteristics in this poem that is in our hands? What is the role of the temporal element in the movement of the poetic text in Jamil Abu Subaih? How does the temporal process take place in Jamil Abu Subaih's poetry? Such questions push us to delve into the world of this poem and critically examine it through research and study to find clear answers to them through a systematic study that reveals the details of this poem in the multiple temporal levels and addresses the temporal network of the poem in light of its relationship to the overall meaning of the poem. Materials & Methods Time does not proceed in a single straight line, but rather, in many cases, it is subject to tension and disruption. In the text of the novel, the narration of events does not take place in a single temporal path, but rather the novel departs from its temporal path and the hierarchy or linearity of time is broken and the narrative path deviates with the presence of the past and a return to it or an exit from the narrated present time to the future and the future time that the character in the text of the novel looks forward to, with its events and transformations, which makes the text of the novel a temporal paradox with the presence of the past and the temporal future or the ascent, as Hamid Lahmadani calls it, and he calls the return to the past and the return to the past the temporal descent. At this stage of the study, we demonstrate the temporal effectiveness in Jamil Abu Subaih’s poetry by studying this narrative element in light of a look at the meanings and their relationship to this element and what we aspire to in this critical journey that is like the first critical adventure in the poet’s poetry, getting to know the poet, his ideas and his poetry by critically dwelling on the element of time that we notice has an overwhelming presence in his poetry.   Research findings The specific temporal summary in the word winter and not going into the details of this time period, is an attempt to spread faith and certainty in the inevitability of the end of this heavy time and a sign of the arrival of the end and drawing the positive time period in this time context, in detail and depth, a narrative attempt to urge the recipient and encourage him to resist and struggle and plant hope in the souls of the masses with what the poet spreads of signs that herald a bright and beautiful tomorrow with the confrontation. The other time period begins in which the character spreads singing in the land and the homeland. The temporal deletion in this narrative scene expresses the lack of continuity of the previous negative time and suggests the cancellation of the events in that time period and the speed of their salvation without condensation. In the subsequent time period, the narrator mentions the events in detail and depth and narrates the denial of the gazelle who stole the shells from him. After that stage, he went into war and conflict, and with his death and martyrdom, he spreads singing in the land. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The world of this poem is an appeal to get to know the poet, his thoughts and his positions by projecting a critical vision onto his poem and addressing the temporal element whose presence dominates the poet’s poems with its various styles and manifestations. Time is the basic element in the poet’s poetry and the temporal process does not take place in a single temporal line, but the poet often uses temporal techniques in his poem. These narrative temporal techniques create a temporal paradox in the poet’s poetry and through them the poet breaks the temporal monotony, such as the flashback technique. The poet, through flashback, evokes the time in which the Arab person drowns in his pleasures and materialistic physical tendencies and forgets his land and his cause. Through the use of the temporal anticipation technique, the poet evokes the future moment full of life, continuity, ecstasy and immortality for the land and its people, as we notice the temporal acceleration in this poem. The poet, through this temporal technique, suggests the end of the current negative stage and the beginning of a new life after waging war, conflict and confrontation.

Abstract Contemporary Arabic literature appeared later than its Western counterpart, but it quickly developed toward realism and excelled in the new realism and resistant literature, especially after the 1967 setback, the war between Israel and Arab countries. It began to approach global novels in both artistic and realistic levels, and started to reflect the live reality and the impact of characters on the course of events in Arab societies, as well as the pivotal transformations in the Islamic world. Therefore, characters take a fundamental role in constructing the novel with their varying levels and perspectives on social, cultural, political, resistance issues, and other human concerns. This includes the suffering of Arab peoples due to internal oppression by rulers and external aggression by the Zionists. The reader comes to know that the novelist is writing about events he has witnessed in real life, as is evident in the novel "The Path of the Sun" by the Lebanese writer Abdulmajid Zarqaat, which is a prominent example of resistance literature. This novel reflects the transformations the region has witnessed, including the oppression, invasion, and displacement suffered by the Palestinian people and southern Lebanon. The writer personally lived through the era of struggles and disasters faced by these oppressed peoples and experienced the Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon, which led to his displacement from his village to Beirut, the capital. In this study, we adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to uncover the social reality and assess the level of the desired characters in southern Lebanon. In the results, we will see how the writer was able to evaluate the level of multiple characters in his novel, employ various types of characters at different levels, and portray the scale of the tragedies suffered by the Lebanese people due to Israeli military attacks during a period of the last century. It also highlights the resistance of southern Lebanon through key characters against the invasion. The writer also excelled in describing the characters and their relationship with events and locations, comparing them at various levels. Moreover, the writer utilized colloquial language and popular proverbs to address issues related to the reality of life and society.   Keywords: Resistance literature, character types, character levels, Abdul Majeed Zaraqet, *Tarīq al-Shams* (The Path of the Sun)   Extended summary   Introduction In his novel "The Path of the Sun," a realistic novel of resistance literature, writer Abdul Majeed Hussein Zaraqat embodies the conditions of the Lebanese people, the Palestinian cause, and the political struggle at the level of the National Movement for Change and Reform, and at the other level, the Palestinian factions' front to resist the Zionist enemy's occupation of Arab lands. The writer begins by noting that the construction of this novel, with its overall structure, components, and imagination, stems from a realistic reference, while simultaneously differing from it, in order to balance and reveal it from a novelistic perspective. Therefore, any similarity between the facts of the fictional reality in this novel and its characters, and the facts of real life and its characters, is purely for the sake of novelistic honesty. This means that the concept of this realistic novel emerged from perceptions that look to the realistic reference and reveal it with significance. The author also blends two realistic issues: the issue of resistance and the political and armed struggle against the enemy, and the issue of true love that was born in this struggle between the novel's hero, Kamal Al-Saher, and the heroine, Mona Rashid, who chose the path of the sun, which is the path of life and love, and the path of resistance and truth. Materials and Methods The novel embodies the socio-cultural structure, or in other words, the “sociology of culture” of the desired society in the novel “The Road of the Sun.” Therefore, the narrator described the characters, their culture, lifestyles, and the relationships that connect the members of this society and their social and cultural level. These are the aspects that constitute the socio-cultural structure of society. Therefore, in this novel, we will study the system of social and cultural components in constructing the novel based on the descriptive-analytical approach. We will seek to analyze the identity of the characters, their visions, and the narrator’s vision by employing the characters to fight injustice and resist occupation by various means, as stated in the text of the novel. Research Findings The author used narrative to tell the novel through the two main characters and a third, friendly character. These are written papers that they convey the events, facts, and developments that occurred in the novel. This is considered one of the artistic techniques that the author adopted to express his views in direct narration through the characters of the novel, which enabled him to convey the most precise details through the characters, events, and places, making the reader live in the atmosphere of the novel with a deep feeling. The author describes the characters in detail, detailing their physical, social, cultural, moral, political, and religious backgrounds. He also articulates their perspectives on social, cultural, and religious issues, as well as other common issues such as etiquette, customs, and traditions respected by people in Lebanese and Palestinian society, particularly in the border areas between the two countries, given their shared religious, national, and historical backgrounds. The novel's diverse characters symbolize the reality of Arab peoples who share similar situations and the shared Palestinian cause. The author embodies the identities of the various characters in the novel, including two main characters, the two protagonists, and the opposing characters. Other characters play a significant role in the novel's development and contribute to its unfolding. Other minor and naive characters do not directly participate in the novel's events and play no active role in its development, but their presence is essential to constructing a cohesive narrative and creating a realistic narrative. Discussion of Results and Conclusion The level of the various characters in the novel varies in terms of physical and intellectual aspects, whether at the level of outward features or the cultural, moral and religious level. Each has a certain level. Some of them have general physical characteristics, some carry a special intellectual culture and opinions, some have high morals, some ordinary, some low, some hold firm religious beliefs and high social values. There are also other degraded and low levels. The level of the characters varies in the novel according to the role assigned to them. Therefore, it becomes clear that the character has a tangible and apparent material side, and a hidden moral side that requires a diligent effort to uncover it. In addition to all of this, the character has fixed and changeable qualities, and thus all of them lead to the individual’s distinction from others of his kind. The author also gives the main character, that is, the hero of the novel, prominent outward characteristics such as name and surname. The two handsome men, the elegant body and the noble morals, which leads to attracting the reader and making him admire them, and he has prestigious qualities and characteristics that the other characters in the novel do not have, and thus he is distinguished from the rest of the characters, and the main antagonistic character in the novel has negative outward and inward characteristics and traits that suit that character, so that the reader is repelled by this character and stays away from bad morals and descriptions that are not appropriate for the person of a righteous human being.

Abstract Language, nationality, and power have a mutual and influential relationship together, as society and its culture influence language and its words. Language also affects society, its culture, and the prevailing idea in it. Language changes according to the male gender or the female nationality. We see in men’s language words and styles that usually indicate power, anger, and violence, while we usually see in women's language words and styles that indicate softness, gentleness, and affection. This article studies the dialectics of the mutual relationship between language, nationality, and power in the novel “Night Mail” using a descriptive and analytical method. The article concluded that the novelist used, in the words of male characters, methods of command, prohibition, appeal, repetition, and the use of words associated with masculine characters to indicate the dominance of men over women, power, violence, anger, arrogance, and selfishness. As for the feminist characters, Muwafaqa used words and methods that indicate regret, compassion, crying, contempt, softness, and kindness, charged with emotions filled with a sense of contempt, weakness, expulsion, and migration through the use of the interrogative style to invite contemplation about the class antagonism between men and women, to remove them from society, and to show compassion through painful words to help women and raise her status and care for equality, then the simile method to indicate the participation and unity of Lebanese women in eliminating injustice and the rule of men over them, and on the other hand, the participation and unity of Lebanese citizens in the pain, misfortunes, self-destruction, humiliation, expulsion and displacement. Also, nouns and adjectives were used by the feminist characters more than verbs due to women’s tendency to describe and be flexible in proportion to their emotions, with the frequent use of the pronoun “y” in messages about women to indicate the ultimate uniqueness of women in society and their lack of status in it, while it was used by the male characters. Verbs, more than nouns and adjectives, indicate movement, strength, doing work, and managing matters.
Keywords: Language And Society; Language and Nationality; Hoda Barakat; The novel “Night Mail”; Authority.
 
Extended summary
 

Introduction

Language, nationality, and power have a mutual and influential relationship together, as society and its culture influence language and its words. Language also affects society, its culture, and the prevailing idea in it. Language changes according to the male gender or the female nationality. We see in men’s language words and styles that usually indicate power, anger, and violence, while we usually see in women's language words and styles that indicate softness, gentleness, and affection.
 Society and language are interconnected, influencing each other. Men's language varies from women's to reflect their emotions, thoughts, and spiritual states. We see this issue in Hoda Barakat’s novel “Night Mail” which won the Arabic Booker Prize in 2019. In it, the novelist tells the story of the homeless Lebanese immigrants as a result of the social and political conditions prevailing in Lebanon, such as male supremacy and capitalism, which elevates the status of the wealthy and degrades the status of the poor, linking it to power as a mechanism of power over women. If we look closely from the historical perspective, we see that they do not allow women to do work outside the home to earn money, and this matter indicates to a large extent their power over them through their financial dependence on men and their inadequacy in themselves. Because financial self-sufficiency reduces men's power over women, we see in the novel that women, more than men, are afflicted with extreme poverty, to the point that they are forced to serve in the homes of the wealthy to earn money to meet their needs. The wealthy thus take on their human identities, and the novelist critiques these prevailing conditions. The research aims to examine the relationship between language, nationality, and power, given the influence and impact they have on each other. The research question lies in the fact that language, society, conflict, and power are dialectically intertwined, as they influence each other, and power in society is manifested through language. This research aims to examine the dialectical relationship between language, nationality, and power in the novel "Night Mail" using a descriptive and analytical approach.

Materials and Methods

The novelist in the novel "Night Mail" successfully used language through the male characters, using terms and styles that typically denote power, anger, and violence. Meanwhile, through the female characters, she uses terms and styles that typically denote softness, kindness, affection, and relationships. Language changes according to the male or female gender, and power is revealed through the language associated with male gender. The novel is filled with diverse masculine and feminine styles that align with the speaker's ideology. The novelist uses imperatives, prohibitions, calls, and repetition to assert and assert authority over women. She uses terms associated with male characters to signify men's dominance over women, power, violence, anger, stubbornness, and selfishness to the point of transgressing laws, principles, and norms. As for the female characters, she uses similes, interrogatives, nouns, adjectives, female first-person pronouns, and terms expressing regret, compassion, weeping, contempt, softness, and kindness, all of which are charged with emotions filled with feelings of contempt, weakness, expulsion, migration, and violation, as expressed by the female characters in their sexual relations.

Research Findings

This is particularly evident in the frequent use of interrogatives. Because the question invites the recipient to reflect on the class contrast between men and women in order to remove it from society and to express compassion through painful words to help women, raise their status, and foster equality and the participation of men and women in matters commensurate with their nationalities, so that the status of women in society is not overlooked. Then, the method of simile through which the novelist indicates the participation and unity of Lebanese women in eliminating injustice and men's dominance over them, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the participation and unity of Lebanese citizens in the pain, calamities, broken spirits, contempt, expulsion and displacement. Through it, she stirs the hearts of Lebanese women and men and calls them to unite, resist and revolt against tyranny because of this pain and desolation they share, so that they can obtain a luxurious life far from injustice and colonialism and foster equality between men and women after removing male dominance. The novelist moved the hearts of the Lebanese to strive to change the prevailing ideology through vocabulary and methods to a new ideology that opposes male supremacy and elevates the status of women to the same level as men, to take into account gender equality and eliminate this supremacy, injustice, contempt, violence, migration and expulsion of women. On the other hand, the novelist used nouns and adjectives more than verbs through the female characters, with a surge of the first-person pronoun "I" in the messages about women to indicate the extreme uniqueness of women in society, their unity and their lack of status in it.
 

Discussion of Results and Conclusion

We also see in the novel the multiplicity of female characters in the novel, as the novelist seeks to elevate the status of women by mentioning the multiplicity of female characters, and this is consistent with the repeated use of the pronoun "I" through the female characters to indicate the unity, uniqueness and existence under authority of women; Because singularity refers to subordinates under authority due to the lack of authority, while the abundance of characters agreeing together indicates that they possess power and authority, while verbs are used on the tongues of male characters more than nouns and adjectives; because women tend towards description and flexibility in proportion to their emotions which are appropriate for description, women have a vision that deepens and scrutinizes in describing matters, details and colors, while men have more physical ability and logical thoughts compared to women and tend to carry out work and manage family affairs like a leader and guardian, they possess more vitality and activity to carry out work, so the use of verbs for men is appropriate to indicate movement, strength, undertaking work and managing affairs.

Abstract One of the most important concerns of immigrants after starting to live in a new place and space is identity. Identity is a phenomenon that is created in the course of social interactions and by creating a boundary between insider and outsider. Cultural differences between two lands cause cultural conflicts. In migration, the family's cultural and identity relationship has various forms. Contemporary fictional literature deals with the issue of immigrants and their identity. Identity constitutes the central axis in the the novel running after wolves by Ali Badr. Based on homi bhabha’s identity theory using the descriptive-analytical approach, this study seeks to reveal the importance of the hazia, its epics, and its challenges of alienation and retrieval, and to highlight the important issues surrounding the character of the hero in this novel, the perception of identify immigrants and the possibility of identifying them, and highlighthing the issue of the self and the other. Ali badr expresses an identity crisis through the main character of the novel, George barker, in the face of the phenomenon of alienation, immigration, environmental and cultural factors, and identity tensions. The main character in this novel, who reaches the brink of collapse and collapse as a result of emigration, seeks to suggest a new meaning for her identity. His identity links the past with the present with the help of memory, even though at the beginning of stay in America he was seeking to forget his past. In the end, he searches for its originality and lost identity in America.                Key words: identity, migration, Ali Badr, the novel “running after wolves ", the ego and the other.   Extended summary   Introduction Identity is a set of intellectual and mental beliefs and ideas that express and build upon the difference between the self and the other, with the goal of preserving and strengthening its continuity, or are implemented, or attempt to destroy or weaken other identities. Identity is a general concept that shapes people's mentality. People ask others who they are, and more importantly, they ask themselves who they are. Identity has become the focus of question and the subject of debate in intellectual and political circles. There is no better evidence of this than the huge number of books and novels that have studied this subject, considering it a vague and multifaceted concept; in which the dynamics of the self and the other conflict. Ali Badr is one of the writers who has been able to well portray the challenges of an Iraqi immigrant in America, according to Homi Baba's identity theory, in the novel running after the Wolves. From Baba's perspective, the location of culture is the environmental space, and therefore cultural identities are environmental and hybrid identities. It can be said that identity, and more broadly, cultural forms, have no focal points; rather, they are an open-ended process that is constantly being redefined. Furthermore, for Baba, migration is a form of cultural translation. He believes that the migrant translates cultures and transcends borders. The result of this theory is nothing more than a hybridization of identity and culture. Materials and methods  This article, using a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to portray the challenges of Arab immigrants in Western countries. Its goal in expressing the challenges facing the immigrant is to preserve the culture, habits, and traditions of the national-homeland on the one hand, and to have a constructive and non-ambivalent relationship with the new culture and environment. The importance of this study lies in enabling the reader to the topic: diaspora, hybridity and hybrid culture.   Research findings In this novel, Ali Badr has skillfully portrayed the conditions of immigrants in American society. Ali Bader clearly focuses on creating a central hero who is active and involved in the story. What distinguishes this story and the research surrounding it is, on the one hand, the treatment of the identity challenges of immigrants, and, on the other hand, the alienation of the identity of the first generation of immigrants, which, in light of the process of migration and confrontation, and the necessity of organizing the value of the cultures of the East and the West through the production of connected and colonial themes. In this novel, the novelist depicts how an immigrant integrates into his new life. The main character in the novel (George Parker) accepts integration into the host country and cultural mixing. The way the novel's hero is hybridized is completely different from that of other immigrants. Where we see George Parker moving away from his Iraqi identity, the Arabic language, his race, and his culture, and he tried to assimilate and integrate into the new environment that differed from his national identity.   Discussion &conclusion "Running after the Wolves" is an autobiographical novel inspired by the author's own experience. The hybrid identity of immigrants in a foreign country is embodied in issues of identity, gender, language, place, etc. Bader considers language to be one of the most important tools for immigrants to cross the environmental space into the third space, and it is this language that gives the immigrant the opportunity to prove himself among the native population. George Parker has become the true hero, as he is the center of events, and we see the creation of a new identity for him in the novel, as he acquires this new identity over time. Ali Bader's novel is, at its most basic level, a search for identity. Contradictions and dualities can be seen in various parts of this work. Living in America, George Parker suffers from the collapse and disintegration of his identity. He is unable to evaluate his past values, and on the other hand, he lacks values ​​with which to freely plan for the future. The concept of I/Other overshadows almost every element in the text of "Dances with Wolves." In this other narrative, not only are the heroes of George Parker's story considered Iraqi and African, but they are also considered marginalized by the war and its consequences. Imitation and complexity are clearly evident in this novel. The main character is based in America, and what encourages the immigrant to imitate the West is his lack of connection to local customs and culture. The result is the forgetting of one's identity and the confusion of the immigrant. The result of this imitation is the creation of a dark and ambiguous version of the West, which is perceived as a threat to the immigrant and his culture.

Abstract Textual thresholds are the textual elements surrounding the central text, playing a crucial role in guiding the reader and preparing them mentally and aesthetically to interact with the narrative. These thresholds include important components that pave the way for the text and illuminate the horizons of reading, most notably the main title which forms the first gateway to enter the world of the text; the subheadings, which organize the content and reveal its axes in addition to the dedication which reflects emotional and personal dimensions and the foreword which is a reflective and intellectual introduction that sheds light on some of the problems raised in the text. Examining these thresholds has garnered the attention of critics, especially in the field of semiotics. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and based on Peirce's semiotic theory examines the novel "Hedgehogs on a Hot Day" by Falah Rahim. The research concludes that the title in this novel is a symbolic sign that holds deep meanings and is a key to understanding the content and dimensions of the novel. The dedication of the novel to the martyr "Kamel Shayea" is a symbolic sign that refers to the values of resistance, national consciousness, and the experience of exile and return in the shadow of political challenges. The prefaces used in the novel vary between symbolic and iconic signs, indicating a lack of national unity and deepening feelings of alienation and separation in the homeland and in exile. Keywords: semiotics, textual thresholds, Peirce, Falah Rahim, Hedgehogs on a Hot Day.   Extended summary Introduction Textual thresholds are fundamental concepts in modern literary criticism, playing a pivotal role in interpreting and guiding the reader toward a deeper understanding of the semantic dimensions of literary texts, especially novels. These thresholds encompass a range of elements that contribute to reader guidance, such as the title, dedication, epigraph, and other components that form an initial entry point to the text. Textual thresholds raise numerous questions about their role in shaping the first reading of a text and directing it toward its inherent meanings. These thresholds represent a signal to a deeper level of reading that transcends the text itself, including the interaction between the reader and the text, and its cultural and social context. In this research, the novel "Hedgehogs on a Hot Day" by Iraqi novelist Falah Rahim was selected as a model for studying textual thresholds. The article aims to analyze these thresholds and examine their symbolic meanings in light of Charles Peirce's semiotic theory. The study also addresses the impact of these thresholds on the overall understanding of the novel and their contribution to interpreting its deep structure. Materials & Methods This study relied on a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the textual thresholds in the novel "Hedgehogs on a Hot Day," using semiotic analysis tools based on Charles Peirce's theory of dividing signs into symbolic, iconic, and indexical. This theory is considered one of the most prominent theories contributing to the unveiling of symbolic and underlying meanings in literary texts, and it is very useful in analyzing the textual thresholds that contribute to the formation and reading of the text. The research addressed the title as the most important of the textual thresholds, as it is considered a primary entry point for understanding the novel "Hedgehogs on a Hot Day." The dedication, which represents an appreciation for specific cultural and political figures, was also analyzed, as well as the epigraphs that shed light on the novel's problems and enhance the philosophical and existential understanding of social and political conflict. Through the analysis of these thresholds, an attempt was made to reveal their symbolic dimensions that affect the narrative and guide readers towards new interpretations. Critical and literary references supporting the semiotic analysis were used, making these thresholds effective analytical tools. Research findings The research results showed that the textual thresholds in the novel "Hedgehogs on a Hot Day" are not merely superficial introductory elements, but rather vital tools that contribute to preparing the reader for a deeper understanding of the text's meaning. Through the analysis of the title, profound symbolic meanings were revealed, as the title "Hedgehogs on a Hot Day" reflects a state of social alienation and constant tension in society, which is considered an embodiment of the Iraqi social reality suffering from wars and conflicts. The dedication in the novel, which was dedicated to the martyr Kamil Shiyaa, carries a symbolic dimension that reflects appreciation for the martyrs and national resistance, and also refers to the national tragedy experienced by the Iraqi character between alienation and return. The epigraphs that were used served as symbolic and iconic signs revealing the philosophical values expressed by the text, such as the concept of social distancing as a psychological and social condition resulting from wars and conflicts. These thresholds contribute to creating a rich interpretive space, guiding the reader to contemplate the social and political conflicts that affect Iraqi society and shape its features. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The study reveals the vital role that textual thresholds play in shaping literary interpretations. It has become clear that the thresholds in the novel "Hedgehogs on a Hot Day" go beyond their traditional role as introductory elements to become crucial keys for understanding the deep meanings that the novelist aims to convey. The title, which includes symbolic connotations about social alienation and political tension, reflects the torn Iraqi reality, where individuals face social and psychological challenges associated with civil conflicts and alienation. Through the dedication, the values of martyrdom and national consciousness are emphasized, while the epigraphs showcase the gap between the self and society, and between exile and return, reflecting a state of deep internal alienation. In this context, the hedgehog dilemma stands out as a reference to the need for isolation in order to survive, but this isolation ultimately becomes a social and cultural burden. Through these thresholds, we find that the novel raises complex social issues, opening the door to multiple readings. In conclusion, it can be said that textual thresholds are not just an introduction for readers, but are essentially guiding tools that involve profound connotations that contribute to building the cognitive and symbolic structure of the text, thereby deepening the reader's understanding and expanding the horizon of multiple interpretations.