Abstract

The balance between poets in the history of criticism. Arabic literature has presented itself since the first centuries, but the thing that shows itself in all of these balances that appeared at the forefront of criticism is the reliance on whims and taste in criticism, and from these books it is possible to point to the book Al-Muqayat by Al-Amidi, who wrote the balance. Between Abu Tammam and Al-Buhturi, Al-Amidi’s reliance on taste has resulted. By relying on the method of critical discourse analysis, we want to study some poetic models of poets, and we chose these models by relying on Al-Amdi’s book, and the title that was chosen from this book is “Their Coming Out to Praise by Remembrance of Rain.” We noticed in this section that Al-Amdi brought three poems, a poem from Abu Tammam and two poems from Al-Bukhuri. The author of the book on the budget ruled in favor of Al-Bukhuri and did not mention evidence or reason for this ruling. Hence, we went beyond providing an analysis of these poems, relying on the approach of critical discourse analysis, which pays great attention to the issue of linguistic accumulation. In the descriptive stage and through studying the central vocabulary present in Abu Tammam’s poem, we noticed that rain and the meanings and vocabulary associated with it are repeated in every verse, even he reaches the praise of the praiseworthy. The repetition of these words caused linguistic congestion, which led to textual cohesion through which the poet was able to convey the ideas and visions contained in his poem to his addressee and those praised. On the other hand, Al-Buhturi followed the approach of the ancients in the beginning of ghazals and al-nasib, and he did not care about the issue of linguistic accumulation. This is why we see his two poems devoid of textual cohesion that connects the parts of the poem. This is why we do not notice a deep connection between the different topics that the poet addresses. As Abu Tammam described what he mentioned of Abu Tammam’s poem in this way, this is neither delicious nor sweet, and he does not mention a reason for this description, but we wanted to re-read this poem by relying on a new scientific approach so that we can reach new results in this field.
Keywords: Linguistic Accumulation, Textual Cohesion, Fairclough, Abu Tammam, Al-Buhturi
     

Introduction

The study of linguistic accumulation and its role in textual cohesion is fundamental in understanding the stylistic differences in classical Arabic poetry. This paper focuses on the works of two major poets of the Abbasid era, Abu Tammam and Al-Buhturi, examining how linguistic elements are accumulated and contribute to the cohesion of their poetic texts. Through the lens of Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) method, this research seeks to uncover the deep structures that give meaning to their texts, emphasizing the interaction between linguistic features and social context. Al-Amidi’s book, Al-Muvazeneh, serves as the primary source for comparing the poetic techniques of both poets, particularly how they approach rhetoric, metaphor, and cohesion. By drawing from Al-Amidi’s critical perspective and applying Fairclough's modern framework, this study bridges classical Arabic criticism with contemporary discourse analysis, offering new insights into how both poets employ linguistic accumulation to achieve textual coherence and influence their audience. The research not only aims to highlight stylistic differences but also examines the social and ideological factors embedded in their poetry, exploring how these factors contribute to the overall impact of their works.
 

Materials & Methods

The research employs a dual-method approach, integrating traditional Arabic literary criticism with contemporary critical discourse analysis. The primary materials for this study include the poetry collections of **Abu Tammam and Al-Buhturi, both of whom represent key figures in Abbasid-era literature. The selection of their texts was guided by the literary critiques provided in Al-Amidi's book Al-Muvazeneh, which contrasts the two poets' approaches to rhetorical and linguistic elements.
The methodology is divided into two phases. In the first phase, Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework is applied to the selected poems to examine how linguistic accumulation, such as repetition, metaphor, and parallel structures, contributes to textual cohesion. The CDA method allows for a deeper understanding of how these linguistic features interact with social and ideological contexts. In the second phase, a comparison is made between the findings of the CDA analysis and Al-Amidi's traditional critique to explore the convergence and divergence between classical and modern perspectives on textual cohesion. This hybrid approach allows for a comprehensive analysis that highlights both the aesthetic and social dimensions of the poetry.
 

Research Findings

The analysis revealed distinct differences in how Abu Tammam and Al-Buhturi employ linguistic accumulation to achieve textual cohesion. Abu Tammam, known for his complex and dense use of language, often relies on rhetorical devices such as metaphors, allusions, and intricate wordplay, creating a layered textual structure that challenges the reader. His use of linguistic accumulation tends to reflect deeper philosophical or abstract themes, which align with his reputation for intellectual poetry. The CDA analysis indicated that Abu Tammam’s poetry often engages with social and ideological discourse, reflecting the complexities of Abbasid society.
In contrast, Al-Buhturi utilizes simpler, more direct language, favoring clarity and elegance over complexity. His poetry focuses on vivid imagery and emotional expression, with linguistic accumulation primarily serving to enhance the sensory and aesthetic experience of the text. The cohesion in Al-Buhturi’s poetry is more linear, with a clearer connection between the linguistic elements and the overall theme of the poem. Al-Amidi's critique in Al-Muvazeneh confirms these observations, noting that while Abu Tammam’s style is intellectually stimulating, Al-Buhturi’s poetry is more accessible and emotionally resonant.
 

Discussion of Results & Conclusion

 
The findings highlight significant differences in how Abu Tammam and Al-Buhturi utilize linguistic accumulation to achieve textual cohesion. Abu Tammam’s intricate and often challenging style reflects his engagement with intellectual and ideological discourse, suggesting a deeper interaction between language and social context. His poetry demonstrates how linguistic accumulation can be used not only for aesthetic purposes but also to convey complex social meanings, as identified through Fairclough’s CDA framework. Al-Amidi's critiques in Al-Muvazeneh align with this, emphasizing Abu Tammam’s preference for intellectual complexity.
 
Conversely, Al-Buhturi’s simpler, more emotionally-driven language allows for a different type of cohesion, one that relies on the clarity of expression and the accumulation of vivid imagery. His approach demonstrates how linguistic accumulation can enhance the sensory and aesthetic experience, making his poetry more accessible to a broader audience.
 
The research concludes that while both poets use linguistic accumulation effectively, their differing approaches highlight the diversity of Abbasid-era poetry. Fairclough’s CDA method provided a modern lens to understand these classical texts, revealing the interplay between language, society, and textual cohesion. This study contributes to bridging classical Arabic criticism with modern discourse analysis, offering new perspectives on these iconic poets.