Studies on Arabic Language and Literature

Abstract The photograph occupies a prominent position for the modern human, so we see him trying to control it for certain goals. The image is one of the necessary means of expression in the process of human communication. The photograph was able to touch the feelings of the addressee through symbols within the visual language and address the subconscious mind.  From here, the relationship between her and the fictional art began by intrusion into the features of the literary text open to other arts. The integration of the written language in the visual language represented by the photograph in a unified formula requires us to stand on two semantic fields related to the visual and linguistic format. The photograph is the supporting tool for the narrative text, and quite the opposite, in that both reinforce the content of the other. This study focuses on the features of the visual image in Zahran Al Qasimi's novel "The Alienation of Al Qafer". In this novel, the novelist relied to enrich his literary text on the visual dimension of some Omani villages landscapes.This research aims to show the openness of Al-Qasimi's novel experience to the visual image as an expressive tool, according to the descriptive-analytical approach. One of the most important findings of this research is the explanation of psychological aspects in the narrative text, and the presentation of expressive signs to convey a certain point of view of the novel's characters. This study aims to monitor the elements of the photographic image in the novel, and focus on the functions of the visual image in the narrative text, such as the guiding function, the expressive function, the psychological function, and the aesthetic function.

Abstract Lyotard examined the state of knowledge and technology in modern society and questioned them because they serve the rich who do business with them in the capitalist system that created them to acquire wealth. So it affected all aspects of human life and caused his destruction. He rejected extensive meta-narratives and suggested small and temporary sub-narratives. According to the descriptive-analytical method and relying on Lyotard's postmodern components, this article investigates the role of the capitalist system in general and the development of knowledge and technology in particular in the novel. "The Second Dog War" by Ebrahim Nasrallah. One of the research findings of the article is that in the novel "The Second Dog War", knowledge and technology destroy mankind by being in the hands of politicians and using it as a tool, in such a way that the protagonist Rashed by inventing it causes a similarity. The fictional characters brought chaos and ultimately the destruction of mankind as a result. One of the similar theories of Lyotard and Ebrahim Nasrallah is that both of them have pointed to the crises that modern society and the capitalist system and its knowledge and technology have led to as a result of using tools to earn profit. , With the difference that Lyotard completely rejects the project of enlightenment and modern reason and its manifestations, which cannot reject modern society with its manifestations, because modern society with all its shortcomings is largely in providing a better life. Freedom, equality, removal of oppression and racial. discrimination, etc. have been successful But it seems that Nasrallah, without completely rejecting it, proposes the improvement and reform of modern society through the communicative intellect derived from the dialogues of fictional characters and presenting arguments through these characters, although many dialogues in the novel does not refer to democracy and freedom of speech, but it refers to fascism and dictatorship and covert domination to the extent that the dictator's characters took the freedom of speech from the captive characters and humiliated them and allowed them to speak when speaking and asking questions and they don't ask the question.

Abstract Polite method is one of the important issues in communication, as it paves the way for a successful communication with the addressee and prevents pragmatics failure. This article has studied the polite method in the Arabic language according to the politeness theory of Brown and Levinson, which is considered one of the most famous theories in this field in addition to the theory of Brooke and Nagasaka taken from the original theory. However, the research did not stop at the theory, rather it studied the types of polite methods in the Arabic language with functional examples, after studying the background of politeness in the Arabic language and showing the difference between Euphemism and politeness, which are two terms that some researchers have confused in defining their significance. This paper has suggested levels of politeness from Level 1 to Level 3 to facilitate the use of polite techniques in communicative situations. It concluded that it is better to use Euphemism in the sense of good expression that corresponds to the linguistic taboo, and to use politeness to name Brown and Levinson's theory due to its linguistic connotations. Polite methods can also be dealt with within its division into four main categories (addressing others, using the direct method politely, apologizing, and interrogating) and subcategories, where levels of politeness are presented according to Brown and Levinson's theory in three levels, and the higher the level, the higher the threat level more.

Abstract       The research looks at the image of the ideal man represented by the character of Prophet Mohammed (pba) that is dealt with by Imam Ali in 'Nahjul Balaghah'.
   The research begins by showing the opinion of some philosophers in man in general and the ideal man in particular. Then، it moves to deal with 'the ideal man'. The idea that occupies most of the research and considers that according to one of the Imam Ali's speeches in which he mentions the characteristics of the prophet (pba)to make it obvious, the characteristics of the ideal man or what the expected image of man should be that's all done in a mere، distinct، technical، linguistic from.
     the research sheds light on man's different deeds and his multi – aspect elements prevailing the appealing aspects in the speech and the impact of technical images، the language، the cadence in exposing the image of the ideal man- the prophet himself making its context and the speech it put within very clear.

Abstract The link between poetry and music is stable and inseparable. The musical background in poetry reveals the influence of melodious principles and bases of the texts in both Arabic and Persian literatures. In addition to the meaning of the Ghazal, its form and foreign music are the factors that make people compose and read this poem format. In the paper, from the perspective of comparative literature, we are going to investigate the Ghazal's meter in two Arabic and Persian literatures to achieve the real differences and commonality in this field and the harmony between the meaning and form of Ghazal in both literatures. By examining the meters of the odes and Ghazal pieces in Arabic literature, we have found a similarity with the meters used in Arabic poetry in general so that the Tawil, Wāfer, and Kāmel meters are considered to be the most widely used ones. We also found the most commonly used meters in Persian poetry, similar to those of total Persian poetry. Meter format of Persian Ghazal in different centuries was due to the temporal and local conditions. In the sixth century, in which Ghazal emerged, its meters were more diverse and were of shorter meters. Then, in the next few centuries, Ghazal composers such as Sa'di and Hafez composed lengthy Ghazals that are still common. All these Ghazal meters have features that are consistent and proportional to the poet's mental and inner states of sadness and joy.

Abstract The Arabic language tried to make harmony between the sounds making the word, which reflects easy pronunciation and apply less physical effort, and reaching a great way of clarity. The Arabic language also created its own phonological system and pattern that allows for easy articulation. This research paper tries to tackle one of the most important issues in Arabic phonology: i.e. the phonological and suprasegmental structure of the Arabic word. It shows that the making of Arabic word is done in accordance with the place of articulation as well as the manner of articulation, and allowing for segmental harmony, not difficult if articulated or heard. It also shows that the ease of articulation is considered a criterion for eloquence

Abstract When we refer to the seas in our prose texts, we often mean the real blue and salty waters in which ships travel, fish swim in, and whales sink to the bottom. But when the poet mentions it in his poems, he may not use it in its true meaning, and I found that the poet Shehab al-Din al-Howizi used it in its figurative sense, and motif called it in most of his poems, which requires a search to reveal these hidden meanings in the lines of his verses.
The necessity of this research appears to all readers of Arabic literature, especially those interested in poetry, in the necessity of knowing what is meant by the use of seas repeatedly, according to Shehab al-Din al-Howizi. The research also aims to introduce the motif and this eminent poet. We have followed the description and analysis in our study, where we brought the verses in which the poet deals with the seas, and we explained his purpose by mentioning them. And we have come to the conclusion that Shehab al-Din used verbal improvements, including the counterpoint, the metaphor, and the metaphor in his use of the seas. Sometimes he describes the kings of the Al-Musha’sha’i who praised them as seas that show their pearls to the poor, and this is the opposite of what real seas do that hide their pearls at their bottom. And at other times he guides those who are looking for good in the deep seas to turn to his generosity.

Abstract Translation criticism means a comprehensive and inclusive look at various aspects of translation, which is of great importance to researchers, writers and other people who pay attention to the field of translation. Translation criticism, if it is done correctly without bias and malice and according to its correct principles and frameworks and is based on science and knowledge, it will cause a tremendous change and significant progress. Today, there are various methods and theories for translation criticism, one of which is Joseph Malone's theory. The use of new translation ideas and approaches can solve the problems and challenges of this field. For translation, Malone proposes methods such as: adaptation, regrouping, alternation and new arrangement. In this research, a part of Mohammad Hizbaizadeh's translation of the novel "Hain Turkana Al Jasr" by Abdur Rahman Manif was analyzed based on Joseph Malone's theory. The result of the research shows that the elements of matching, compatibility and regrouping are more consistent with the translation of the translator and through them the implied meaning of the word and the message hidden in it are eloquently conveyed to the reader. Therefore, these three elements compared to the other two elements (alternation and fresh arrangement) had more reflection and expression in the translation of the selected parts.