Studies on Arabic Language and Literature

The formal characteristics of Arabic and Persian ghazals: a statistical comparative study

Document Type : Scientific- Research Article

Authors

ameneh forouzankamali 1
Aliasghar Ghahramani Moghbel 2
Naser Zare 3

1 Ph.D. student in Arabic Language and Literature, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran.

2 Associate Professor in Arabic language and Literature, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Associate Professor in Arabic language and Literature, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.22075/lasem.2023.28286.1340
Abstract
The link between poetry and music is stable and inseparable. The musical background in poetry reveals the influence of melodious principles and bases of the texts in both Arabic and Persian literatures. In addition to the meaning of the Ghazal, its form and foreign music are the factors that make people compose and read this poem format. In the paper, from the perspective of comparative literature, we are going to investigate the Ghazal's meter in two Arabic and Persian literatures to achieve the real differences and commonality in this field and the harmony between the meaning and form of Ghazal in both literatures.
By examining the meters of the odes and Ghazal pieces in Arabic literature, we have found a similarity with the meters used in Arabic poetry in general so that the Tawil, Wāfer, and Kāmel meters are considered to be the most widely used ones. We also found the most commonly used meters in Persian poetry, similar to those of total Persian poetry. Meter format of Persian Ghazal in different centuries was due to the temporal and local conditions. In the sixth century, in which Ghazal emerged, its meters were more diverse and were of shorter meters. Then, in the next few centuries, Ghazal composers such as Sa'di and Hafez composed lengthy Ghazals that are still common. All these Ghazal meters have features that are consistent and proportional to the poet's mental and inner states of sadness and joy.

Keywords

comparative literature
Arabic Ghazal
Persian Ghazal
meters of Ghazal
Subjects

  1. The Sources and References:

    1. Abu Hilal Al-Askari, Al-Hasan bin Abdullah, The Book of the Two Industries: Prose and Poetry; Investigation by Ali Muhammad Al-Bajawi and Muhammad Abu Al-Fadl Ibrahim, I1, Cairo: dar 'iihya' alkutub alarabiah, [In Arabic].
    2. Al-Qirtagani, Abi Al-Hassan Hazim, Minhaj Al-Balagha and Siraj Al-odaba; Presented and investigated by Muhammad al-Habib Ibn al-Khoja, I3, Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, [In Arabic], 1986.
    3. Al-Thanawy, Muhammad Ali bin Ali, Scouting Art Conventions, I1, Beirut: maktabat lubnan nashirun, [In Arabic]. 1996.
    4. Anis, Ibrahim, Music of Poetry, I2, Cairo: Anglo-Egyptian Library, 1952.
    5. Azzam, Abdel Wahab, “Poetry meters and Rhymes in Arabic, Persian and Turkish”, Journal of the Faculty of Literature, Fouad Al-Awl University, Egypt, vol. 2, 1933, pp. 149-165. , [In Arabic].
    6. Bakkar, Youssef Hussain, Directions of Ghazal in the Second Hijri Century, I1, Beirut: Dar Al-Andalus, [In Arabic]. No date.
    7. Ghahramani Moghbel, Ali asghar. A comparative study of metre, rhyme and form in Arabic and Persian poetry, I1, Beirut: Saint Joseph University Publications, [In Arabic]. 2016.
    8. Hadara, Muhammad Mustafa, Arab Poetry Trends in the Second Hijri Century, Cairo: Dar Al Maaref, [In Arabic], 1963.
    9. Hafez Al-Shirazi, Shams Al-Din Muhammad, Al-Diwan; Translated by Ibrahim Amin Al-Shawarbi, I1, Tehran: Mehr Andish, [In Persian]. 1999.
    10. Hafez Shirazi, Shams al-Din Mohammad, Diwan; Based on the version of Mohammad Qazvini and Dr. Qasim Ghani, I3, Tehran: Talaiyeh, [In Persian]. 2015.
    11. Ibn Rashiq al-Qayrawani, Abu Ali al-Hasan, Al-Umda: On the merits of poetry, its literature and criticism; Edited, detailed and commented on its footnotes by Muhammad Muhyi al-Din Abd al-Hamid, I5, Beirut: Dar al-Jeel, [In Arabic].
    12. Molavi, Jalaluddin Mohammad al-Roumi, Shams Tabrizi Colleges, I14, Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications, [In Persian]. 1998.
    13. Motaman, Zain al-Abidin, The evolution of Persian poetry, Tehran: Hafez and Mustafavi bookstore, [In Persian]. 1960.
    14. Natal Khanleri, Parviz, Critical Research in Persian Prosody and How Ghazal meters Change, Tehran: Tehran University Press, [In Persian].
    15. Omar bin Abi Rabia, Al-Diwan; presented to him and put its margins and indexes, Fayez Muhammad, I2, Beirut: Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, [In Arabic]. 1996.
    16. Qais bin Dharih, Al Diwan; Explained by Abdel Rahman Al-Mastawi, I2, Beirut: Dar Al-Maarifa, [In Arabic], 2004.
    17. Saadi, Abu Muhammad Mosleh al-Din bin Abdullah, kolliyat; Edited by Mohammad Ali ForoughiI1, Tehran: Hermes Publishing House, [In Persian]. 2006.
    18. Sana'i, Abu al-Majd Majdod bin Adam, Diwan; With an introduction, footnotes, and an extensive and interesting list by Modares Razavi, I3, Tehran: from Sana'i Library Publications, [In Persian]. 1983.
    19. Shafi'i Kadkani, music of poetry, 5th edition, Tehran: Age publishing house, , [In Persian] 2016.
    20. Shamisa, Siros, Ghazal cycle in Persian poetry, I2, Tehran: Ferdous Publications, , [In Persian]. 1990.
    21. Vahidian Kamiyar, Taqi, "Is there a singular form in Persian poetry?", Persian Literature Magazine, Mashhad Azad University, 2015, No. 10, pp. 40-54. [In Persian].
    22. Vahidian Kamiyar, Taqi, The Culture of Persian Poetry and the Culture of One Hundred meters Persian Poets, I1, Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, [In Persian]. 2009.
    23. Vashish Bafghi, Kamaluddin, Diwan; With an introduction by Saeed Nafisi, I1, Tehran: 3rd publication, [In Persian].
    24. Herman Ete, history of Persian literature; Translated by Rezazadeh Shafaq, out of print, Tehran: Translation and book publishing company, 1977.
Studies on Arabic Language and Literature
Volume 13, Issue 36
Volume 13, Issue 36, Fall 2022 and Winter 2023.
January 2023
Pages 113-140

  • Receive Date 04 September 2022
  • Revise Date 30 January 2023
  • Accept Date 19 February 2023
  • Publish Date 01 December 2023

Home

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Reviewers

Contact Us