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A study of the polite method in the Arabic language according to Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness

    Authors

    • Mohamadali Ameri 1
    • Ali Zeighami 2
    • Sayyed Reza Mirahmadi 2

    1 PhD in the Department of Arabic Language and Literature Semnan University

    2 Associate Professor, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Semnan University, Iran.

,

Document Type : Scientific- Research Article

10.22075/lasem.2022.23600.1286
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Abstract

Polite method is one of the important issues in communication, as it paves the way for a successful communication with the addressee and prevents pragmatics failure. This article has studied the polite method in the Arabic language according to the politeness theory of Brown and Levinson, which is considered one of the most famous theories in this field in addition to the theory of Brooke and Nagasaka taken from the original theory. However, the research did not stop at the theory, rather it studied the types of polite methods in the Arabic language with functional examples, after studying the background of politeness in the Arabic language and showing the difference between Euphemism and politeness, which are two terms that some researchers have confused in defining their significance. This paper has suggested levels of politeness from Level 1 to Level 3 to facilitate the use of polite techniques in communicative situations. It concluded that it is better to use Euphemism in the sense of good expression that corresponds to the linguistic taboo, and to use politeness to name Brown and Levinson's theory due to its linguistic connotations. Polite methods can also be dealt with within its division into four main categories (addressing others, using the direct method politely, apologizing, and interrogating) and subcategories, where levels of politeness are presented according to Brown and Levinson's theory in three levels, and the higher the level, the higher the threat level more.

Keywords

  • politeness theory
  • polite methods
  • levels of politeness
  • pragmatics failure

Main Subjects

  • Stylistics
  • Modern techniques
  • Teaching Arabic
  • Another topic
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References
  1. The Sources and References

    1. A) Arabic Sources
    2. The Holy Quran
    3. Ibn Faris, Al-Sahbi in the Arabic Philology and its Issues and the styles of the Arabs, edited by Omar Farouk Al-Tabbaa, Beirut: Maktaba al-Maaref, first edition, 1993.
    4. Ibn Manzur, Muhammad Ibn Mukarram, Lisan Al Arab, Third Edition, Beirut: Dar Sader, 1993.
    5. Al-Thaalebi, Abu Mansour, Philology and the Secrets of Arabic, edited by Yassin Al-Ayoubi, second edition, Beirut: al- Maktaba al- Asriya, 2000.
    6. ,______ Metonymy and innuendo, Edited by Aisha Hussein Farid, without edition number , Cairo: Dar al-Anba for Publishing and Distribution, 1998.
    7. Al-Humairi, Nashwan bin Saeed, Shams al-Uloom and the medicine of the words of the Arabs on al-Klum, Edited by Mutahhar bin Ali Aryani, Yusuf Muhammad Abdullah, Hussein bin Abdullah Al-Omari, first edition, Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 1999.
    8. Al-Daji`, Saad, “Linguistic Business and Teaching Arabic to Non-Speakers: A Look at the Old and Modern Approaches”, Conference on Modern Trends in Teaching Arabic as a Second Language, Institute of Arabic Linguistics, King Saud University, 2014, pp. 505-522.
    9. Taha, Nahla Hussein and Sarwa Faisal Aziz, “The Phenomenon of Sincerity in the Arabic and Kurdish Language”, Journal of Arts, Literature, Humanities and Sociology, Issue 34, Emirates College for Educational Sciences, 2019, pp. 200-210.
    10. Obaid, Hatam, “The Cultural Dimension in Teaching Arabic as a Second Language,” Issue 2, the Journal of Arabic Linguistics of the King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz Center, 2015, pp. 118-147.
    11. Al-Qahtani, Rana bint Saad bin Awad, “Inferring the implications of using idiomatic expressions according to Grace's Dialogical Principles Theory, a deliberative study”, Volume 34, Issue 5, Yearbook of the College of Islamic and Arab Studies for Girls of Alexandria of Al-Azhar University, 2018, p. 854- 885.
    12. Al-Qahtani, Saad bin Muhammad, “The development of deliberativeness in the second language and how to teach it,” from the book Modern Trends in Applied Linguistics. First edition, Riyadh: Dar al-Wojooh for Publishing and Distribution, 2018, pp. 65-92.
    13. Al-Qahtani, Saad bin Muhammad, “Towards the Teaching of Deliberative Competence in Second Language Teaching Programs: An Analytical Study”, Journal of Linguistic and Literary Studies, Second Issue - Ninth Year, 2017, pp. 21-55.
    14. Qazak, Hassan Youssef, Hussein Bataineh, and Insaf Al-Moameni, “The Other Angle of View - Kindness in Expression”, Al-Mukhber Journal, Issue 10, Algeria: University of Biskra, 2014, pp. 39-64.
    15. Al-Masry, Ibn Abi Al-Usbah, Editing Inking in Poetry and Prose and Explaining the Miracles of the Qur’an, Edited by Hefni Muhammad Sharq, United Arab Republic: The Committee for the Revival of Islamic Heritage, without edition number, 1963.
    16. Wafi, Ali Abdel Wahid, Language and Society, Second Edition, Egypt: Dar Ehyaa al-Kutub al-Arabiya, 1951.
    17. Jol, George, Pragmatics, translated by Qusay Al-Attabi, first edition, Beirut: al- Dar al-Arabiya lil- Oloum Publishers, 2010.

     

    1. B) Persian Sources
    2. Azarparand, Sohrab, “Changes in language strategy of speech based on Brown and Levinson’s theory”, Sociolinguistics Journal , Pyam Nour University, cycle 2, (4), 2019, pp. 83-98.
    3. Turabi, Abd al-Qasim, Pathology of Arabic language and literature in the higher education system with a review of ten selected universities in Iran, doctoral thesis, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, 2016.
    4. Changi, Ibrahim, A Dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics, Tehran: Rahnama, Second Edition, 2017.

     

    1. C) English Sources
    2. Brock, M., & Nagasaka, Y »Teaching pragmatics in the EFL classroom? Sure You Can. “, TESL Reporter, 2005,17-26.
    3. Brown, P. & S. Levinson, Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
    4. Kasper, G, “Linguistic politeness: Current research issues” Journal of Pragmatics, 14 (2), 1990, 193-218, Retrieved from http: //sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/

     

    1. D) Websites:
    2. “14 phrases that polite people use frequently”, Al-Jazeera website, (www.aljazeera.net/news/lifestyle/2019/11/17) (retrieved 2021/01/31).
    3. “Good Morning Arab Program”, YouTube, (youtube.com/watch?v=oynT1AiAffY&t=14s), (retrieved 2020/09/02)
    4. “Program from Washington”, YouTube (aljazeera.net/programs/fromwashington/2021/2/19) (retrieved 2020/09/02).
    5. “A New Day Program”, Al-Kawthar website, (alkawthartv.com/episode/262169), (retrieved 2020/09/02).
    6. pour Shujai, Rayhanah, “Arab culture”, (https://alreihane.com/ Arab culture) (retrieved 2017/07/12).
    7. Al-Thubaiti, Muhammad bin Saeed bin Ibrahim, “The phenomenon of sympathy in Arabic styles, a semantic study of the acceptance of words in the linguistic community,” Al-Faseeh Network, (www.alfaseeh.com/vb/showthread.php?t=6274) (retrieval date 2021/ 03/01).
    8. Al-Qablan, Yusef, “Please,” Al-Riyadh newspaper website, (www.alriyadh.com/1741019) (retrieved 2021/01/31).
    9. The nickname is a reverence for the adults and an honor for the young, Al-Ittihad newspaper website,(alittihad.ae/article/71111/2014),(retrieved 2021/2/23).
    • Article View: 2,226
    • PDF Download: 960
Studies on Arabic Language and Literature
Volume 13, Issue 36
Volume 13, Issue 36, Fall 2022 and Winter 2023.
January 2023
Pages 61-88
Files
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  • PDF 1.29 M
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History
  • Receive Date: 04 June 2021
  • Revise Date: 06 January 2022
  • Accept Date: 07 January 2022
  • Publish Date: 01 December 2023
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How to cite
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Statistics
  • Article View: 2,226
  • PDF Download: 960

APA

Ameri, M. , Zeighami, A. and Mirahmadi, S. R. (2023). A study of the polite method in the Arabic language according to Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness. Studies on Arabic Language and Literature, 13(36), 61-88. doi: 10.22075/lasem.2022.23600.1286

MLA

Ameri, M. , , Zeighami, A. , and Mirahmadi, S. R. . "A study of the polite method in the Arabic language according to Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness", Studies on Arabic Language and Literature, 13, 36, 2023, 61-88. doi: 10.22075/lasem.2022.23600.1286

HARVARD

Ameri, M., Zeighami, A., Mirahmadi, S. R. (2023). 'A study of the polite method in the Arabic language according to Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness', Studies on Arabic Language and Literature, 13(36), pp. 61-88. doi: 10.22075/lasem.2022.23600.1286

CHICAGO

M. Ameri , A. Zeighami and S. R. Mirahmadi, "A study of the polite method in the Arabic language according to Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness," Studies on Arabic Language and Literature, 13 36 (2023): 61-88, doi: 10.22075/lasem.2022.23600.1286

VANCOUVER

Ameri, M., Zeighami, A., Mirahmadi, S. R. A study of the polite method in the Arabic language according to Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness. Studies on Arabic Language and Literature, 2023; 13(36): 61-88. doi: 10.22075/lasem.2022.23600.1286

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