Studies on Arabic Language and Literature

Abstract Adverbs add to the meaning of the word and clarify its different angles in such a way that it can be said the more the verbal adverbs are, the greater its meaning will be and its implications become wider. Time and place adverbs are most commonly used in Arabic because every action takes place at a time and occurs in a place. Al-Khansa is one of the most famous Arab poets and the pioneer of making jeremiad of that nation. In this article, the author intends to examine the time and place adverbs in Al-Khansa's poetry in order to clarify how the poet has used them to creating meaning? And what roles have these adverbs played in the images which she has created?

The method chosen to conduct this research is a descriptive analytical method and sometimes the use of statistics. The results of this research point to the fact that Al-Khansa has used well-known adverbs to express her emotions, which more reflects the grief of the loss of her relatives, and has created meaning and innovations through the proper use of them. She has added to her admiration through using adverbs which has placed him at the top of that trait. Occasionally, by using specific adverbs, such as giving or delaying, she extracts her intended meaning. The poet has also used the adverbs for the richness of the simile and metaphorical images she creates, and she used them to creat metonymic images.

Abstract The translation of various texts, especially sacred ones and the literary images used in them, including irony, requires basic solutions. Larsen is one of the linguists who has provided practical strategies in the methods of translating metaphorical images. By introducing three strategies and distinguishing between semantic underpinnings and grammatical, lexical and phonological superstructures of language, he first emphasizes discovering the main meanings by examining the linguistic construction and then re-expressing it in the form of the target language. His semantic translation is a faithful translation into the source language and a reliable way to translate texts, especially religious texts. The purpose of this study is to identify the translation methods in Larsen's model, the effectiveness of the strategies proposed in this model and their compatibility with the translation of Makarem and Ansarian in translating the allusions of the first half of the Qur'an. This research is organized by the method of reviewing translations based on Larsen's approach who has selected twelve ironic images from among twenty-one images purposefully on the subject of resurrection. The results of the research show; translators have performed differently in the components of semantic translation. In translating the virtual meaning, Makarem is more accurate. In translating important lexical components and conveying tacit and explicit information of the text, Ansarian has a more precise and delicate function. But in translating the general and special relations of words, both translators have a similar approach. Summary: The effectiveness of Larsen's semantic components in translating both is evident in varying proportions.

Abstract Minimalism is a program based on brevity and short hand. The main feature of this program is in dealing with and avoiding exaggeration and also avoiding aesthetic types of words and metaphors full of water and light. The minimalist program is a video which provides a simulated image of reality and uses less imagination. Short stories are among the literary genres in which the traces of the minimalist program can be felt. Therefore, by considering a special textual framework, it has made a distinctive point for itself. Some story tellers base their characters on a minimalist program, including the Moroccan novelist Jamal al_Din al_khadiri, whose collection of short stories is called faqaqi. The present study relys on descriptive _ analytical approach to examine a very short literary genre and also to find the reason for the prevalence of minimalist program and its impact on contemporary short stories, especially the collection of stories that we want to study. This study tries to provide a suitable answer for the opponents of the minimalist program by clarifying the theoretical framework of this concept of linguistics and its applicability in short story texts. He has divided the axes into two parts, quantity and nature, and has taken an economical look at volume, personality, time, place, and plot. The most prominent results obtained are: Al-Khudairi considers the very short story an intense and responsive snapshot of the speed of the times and the tendency to be short. It is also characterized by vivid endings that pulsate in the reader's mind, as the writer shares the end with his reader by giving him a dynamic role instead of the usual static in pure reading, which we notice the effectiveness of the recipient as the last and complementary element that weaves the result of the story based on his deductive reflections. Al-Khudairi's stories are also characterized by a structure in harmony with the lower program and philosophical themes crowned with realistic tendencies that contribute to opening new insights for the reader about matters.

Abstract Critical discourse analysis approaches have grown due to the progress of awareness and richness of human knowledge. Critical discourse analysis in its most prominent manifestations has been removed from the general and common framework, in any conditions, the environment and the relationship between discourse and domination. Lacla and Mof are the most prominent scholars in this critical movement and have had a special approach to engage with discourse and especially political discourse. The critical theory of Lacla and the mixed mosquitoes are different from the views and views that examine the dans and the flow of links in discourse or text, and the researcher relies on theories of Lacla and Mof, the duty flow, the characteristics of the function, the power relationships and the failure of the breakdown and destruction. To examine the discourse, this research attempts to analyze the descriptive-analytical approach of "Almaedeh alkhamert adoor" from the Qassa poet al-Bostani poet. This is the most famous poet who has written in oppression and deprivations that occurred by the American occupation of Iraq. The results of the research point that the information contains different dashes, and the flow of the text is used to express the main concepts and induces the audience of symbols, references and various devices, and the chain of the dialogue in the axis of placing the concept of resistance or involvement of the conflict (America) .We are witnessing the prominent process to make the Iraqi civilization situation and the poetic expression of the fight against the opposite side and break it from Iraq, which is full of civilization. We also see many null dashes in this poetry discourse and texture of texture for exit and liberation.

Abstract The concept of time is considered as one of the most important elements of a literary work and its artistic creation is a diagram of the author's power and adds an aesthetic view of the text. Unlike most traditionalists who use chronological time to explain and calculate narrative time, modern writers have disrupted the plot by using this basic element and the features of Anachronism. Russian formalists have been pioneers in explaining the mechanisms of narrative time.
This study intends to use a structural-analytical method, while examining the Anachronism in the artistic structure of the drama AL"Sarir" for Youssef Al-Ani, to deal with how and methods of using time components in the plot of this drama. And continuity is profitable. And with artistry, he has used all the components of time, Flash back, Flash Forward, expansion and contraction.
The results of this research show that the linear chronological time order is disrupted during the use of narrative time. In the meantime, the external retrospectiveness of the preface has filled the gaps in the story, created a variety of narratives, and introduced his characters. Forecasts are often mixed. Descriptive pauses have a special dynamism. In this play, unlike the classical narrative methods, implicit omission is more than obvious omission.

Abstract This research studies the poetries necessity according to Al  Serafi , who explained Sebawis book and focused on address about probability of poetry. Also, he wrote a special book about poetic necessity. He didn’t use this term  but its derivations are there: necessity , compelled and synonyms used by the poet
     Alserafi understood the nature of the necessity which is available in every section of the book. He followed Sebawi’s signals in the book sections and pointed to their justifications and he expanded in explaining the necessity and divided necessities into seven section: addition, deletion, detention, substitution, and changing the analysis and making the female male and feminizing the male. Also he defined every sort and brought evidences and commented on them and pointed to the principle of justifying the necessities based on its origin.
       Alserafi distinguished between good and bad necessities , and between necessity and error , and kept the error in mistakes feld not in necessities feld and he dosn,t justify the necessity only but makes effort in finding an outlet for each necessity , consinering it hamony with poetry nature wich has different from prose.
 

Abstract  Repetition is a stylistic phenomenon used by Arabs when adding an extra meaning they cannot obtain without it. It strings together the parts of a piece of information related to a single reference displaying repetition.
Repetition also has its rhetorical and semantic features dictated by the context in which they occur. Moreover, word and meaning repetitions can occur, and may occur in wards, not in meaning, and they happen in a sentence or a single ward. In so doing, Ibn Muqbel asserts among other things, a meaning he wants to instill in recipients, relying on his modes of poetic expression.