Studies on Arabic Language and Literature

Abstract The impact of the incident of al-Taff, the martyrdom of Imam al-Hussein, peace be upon him, and his companions, and what happened to the Ahl Albait, from persecution, killing, and desecration, appeared in the literary arts, where we find the most wonderful elegies in the recording of these events and the great tragedy. And whose name emerges among the expressors of this great tragedy is the Shiite poet Sayyid Haider al-Hilli, where elegies constituted a basic section and a major theme of his poems, which need deep research in terms of style and context of poetry. So, this research aimed at a stylistic study of the rhythmic structure of Sayyid Haider al-Hilli's elegy, which was represented in the external and internal. rhythms. The results of the study indicate that Bahr al-Taweel, Compound Bahour and Complete Bahour are more frequent in elegies. And the poet was able to extract from one sea different musical melodies with the diversity of his emotions and feelings. The absolute rhyme formed a complete presence in the elegies, as the poet resorted to employing this type of rhyme for his desire to communicate his voice to the recipient with the greatest degree of clarity. The method of repetition in the elegies was consistent with the psychological state that the poet is going through, as well as the intended meaning that he seeks to present. The incomplete naturalization and derivational naturalization constitute a wide presence compared to the complete naturalization. This is attributed to the efforts made by the poet in bringing the concept and the desired meaning closer to the mind of the recipient in comparison to the complete naturalization that creates a kind of ambiguity in bringing the intended meaning closer.

Abstract The phrase: “Seven double numbers" is used only once in the Holy Quran, but due to its emphasis, it requires that we consider it as one of the key words of the Holy Quran, which is a great gift that God gave to His Prophet. The use of "Saba" in the form of indefinite left the ground for different interpretations of it. This research, with a descriptive and analytical method, aims to present three new examples of the “Seven double numbers”, the first of which is the seven Rotations in Surah Al Hamd, the second, the Seven double numbers in “the Holy Qur'an, and the third, the Seven double numbers in the world of creation and in the system of language and It is literature. The research reached results, the most important of which is that the “Seven double numbers" are the secret of Surat Al-Hamd and Surat Al-Hamd is the summary of the Holy Qur’an, and the Qur’an is a copy corresponding to the system of the universe, which requires that the “Seven double numbers" include the Qur’anic text and the world of existence at the same time, and is evidence of the truth of the rhetorical theory of the art of expression, the symmetry of the language and literature system  with the system of the universe.

Abstract Translation of Alihtebak in the Noble Qur’an (Makarim Al-Shirazi’s translation of Surat Al-Imran into Persian as an example).
 To translate the Holy Qur'an, its paramount importance, a large number of translators in Iran translated it into Persian. And according to the sensitivity of translating holy books, including the Qur’an, we see strenuous efforts to transfer it from its original language in terms of content and language in the best way.
Whoever plays this sensitive role faces many challenges in translating the meanings of the Qur’an, in addition to what is related to the use of literary arts. Alehtebak is a wonderful art frequently that has been used in the Qur’an a lot, and translators have difficulty in transmitting verses in which this art was used.This article, with a descriptive and analytical approach, aimed to shed light on the art of Alehtebak in Surat Imran and then study Makarim Shirazi’s translation for the verses in which alehtebak was used. Results point out that the translator doesn't care about this art in translating.

Abstract    Semiotics is regarded as an effective method of criticism that influences one’s cognition of the text and conscious triumph over textual signs. As a new critical method, semiotics follows the movement of signifiers in the text, participates in the explanation of truth, and unveils words. This method is employed to influence the concealed layers of text and gain access to its themes. One of the main methods of critical translation as well as of semiotic criticism is Riffaterre’s method which is used in poetry. His theory is underpinned by structural matrix, descriptive constellations and the chain of poetic signifiers, around which the study of the text of poetry and its signifiers are centered. This research on the semiotic method in the light of semiotic tools attempts to study Bushra al-Bustani’s poem Iraqi Music. One of the conclusions we reached was that the structural matrix of the poem is cycled through the four significations of death, pain, victory, and opening. Similarly, the descriptive constellations of the poem are exclusive to four constellations whose movements are weakness, betrayal, occupation, and the certainty of Phoenician response in civilized Iraq. The text begins with the illustration of the states of death, being lost, infertility, and conflict, and the movement of signifiers in the poem is through visualizing victory, driving enemies away, and reclaiming the land of Iraq.  

Abstract The phonetic level, which is represented in the phonetic structure and the internal and external rhythmic structure, is considered one of the most important levels in stylistic and semantic studies. At this level, the research studies the rhythm or external music and the elements that make it in poetry, such as meter, intonation, rhyme and its aesthetic effect. It also studies rhythm, internal music, and the elements that make it, such as repetition, alliteration, contrast, assonance, and their inspiring connotations. This research with a descriptive-analytical method seeks to investigate the stylistics of the phonetic level in the Diwan of Ibn Marj Al-Kohl Al-Andalusi and his poetic features through a theoretical and applied vision on his poems through the study of external and internal music in his poetry. In the study of the poet's external music, the results of the research indicate that he composed his poems and poetic pieces on the well-known poetic meters in Arabic poetry, and he benefited from the Al-bahr Al-tawil more than the rest of the meters, and after that comes the Al-Bahr Al-Wafer and the Al-Kamel and Al-Baseet. And there are some meters that the poet neglected them, such as Al-Madid, Al-Hazaj, Al-Rajaz, Al-Monsreh, Al-Mozarea, Al-Muqtadab, and Al-Mutadarik. The poet employed most of the Arabic letters in the rhyme and used the absolute rhyme much more than the restricted rhyme. The poet diversified the use of internal music through variety of means, such as repetition of sounds, words, phrases, alliteration, contrast, and assonance in the beginning of his poems and poetic pieces.

Abstract The comma is one of the branches of Qur'anic song in visualizing the meaning and influencing the mind of the receiver. In order to achieve its goals, the Qur'an has paid attention to it as well as its meaning and context, so that if it is left out, the meaning of the verse will be distorted. From here, it is noted that the Qur'an sometimes deviates from the order of its words due to distance, and this deviation will have an amazing effect on the arrangement of words and the modification of its letters. In this research, the careful selection of strange words of the Qur'an and their use in space as a means of melodious and effective expression in conveying meaning and on the listener's soul are discussed. Its phonetic and semantic importance are combined in the explanation and analysis of the word, so that it is no longer appropriate to separate them from each other. This research is limited to the song of distance that is found in Surah Najm, because the Qur'an has preferred the use of strange terms here and has switched from the word (unfair) or (incomplete) to a more strange word. This tableau is a simultaneous reflection of drawing meaning and phonetic consistency. The approach of this research is descriptive and analytical based on the description of phonetic deviation phenomenon, rhetorical and semantic goals and subtleties of choosing the word in the context in which it is used, and among the most obvious results of this research is the impossibility of substituting a word for Another word in a context in the Holy Quran is in the full expression of the meaning in an equal form, the purpose of the words, and the accuracy of the choice of the word as a complement to the meaning and the song together.     

Abstract Tourism is an important area for local and international organizations and it can help to reach prosperity and development. One of the most important areas of tourism is medical and health tourism, which attracts a lot of foreign currency to the target countries, therefore it’s so important for governments and private sector. Universities are among the most important institutions to help tourism by hardware and software, and besides that, this field can provide job opportunities for their graduates. The Department of Arabic Language and Literature, especially the Department of Arabic Language Translation can help in medical and heath tourism in Iran, given the important role of Iraqi tourists in Iran. Accordingly, with a descriptive-analytical approach, this paper aims to study the possibilities and issues of teaching the language, especially the teaching of the Iraqi dialect, and proposes task-based language teaching model with three levels: Pre-task includes learning about topics related to medical tourism and the teacher talks about them. The task level includes the learner carrying out communicative tasks, in a team format about the topics he has learned about, and post-task, includes talking about the topic and the teacher playing the role of supervising, carrying out activities due to their effectiveness. In addition to teaching the Iraqi dialect, linguistic and translation skills and   providing useful sources and research, note writing and summarizing skills, enhance short-term memory.

Abstract Mahmoud Shukair is considered one of the most prominent writers affiliated with realism, especially when the local conditions in Palestinian society matured, which led to the dominance of the realist trend in the Palestinian novel. These political circumstances and events did not leave a trace of romance in literature, but rather imposed positive realism on literature, so Mahmoud Shukair turned to his society, and the concerns and pain of his people’s children became one of his active themes and the main themes of his ideas. His writing became an objective extension of the real-life story, in its connection with the Palestinian child's concerns and suffering. Some of his novels were a reality full of creativity, such as "I and Jumana," "Maryam's Words" and "Dreams of the Skinny Boy". That made us trace three types of realism in it, most notably documentary realism, which tends to convey reality as it is, and realism and the symbol that came to a realistic necessity, which prompted the writer to use it as a means to express his views, as a result of the suppression of freedom of expression, and the imposition of cultural siege. The third form in the stories is "fantasy," which is represented in the way the writer seeks to stimulate and stimulate the imagination of the child and is embodied in the child's dream of transcending the time and spatial limits… to fly into a new reality. We have come to the conclusion that his fictional production depicts reality, and conveys it faithfully, to expose it and then to change it with his new means, such as fantasy and symbol. This is what distinguishes Shukair in his narrative construction. We have sensed solutions and proposals that call for changing the reality; this in itself is positive in the narrative construction, and is in harmony with the realists’ positions, values and calls to criticize and change reality.

Abstract This study aims to reveal the function of the main fictional character according to the method of Vladimir Prov, and to analyze her fictional role in the two novels (The Tanki) by Alia Mamdouh and (The casual Vacancy) by J.K. The novel expresses the main idea intended by the writer in his literary work. Then we compare all this to reveal the similarities and differences between the functions of the characters in both novels, based on a descriptive, analytical and comparative approach. The study seeks to identify the points of similarity and difference in a novel that sheds light on the social reality of Iraq, and another English novel that sheds light on the reality of British society. Despite the geographical distance between the Iraqi and British societies, and the environmental, cultural, linguistic, religious and historical differences, the human nature and feelings remain the same, but they differ in the way of thinking and the way of dealing; therefore, it is necessary to know all of this by analyzing the functions of the fictional characters. These similarities and differences depended on the nature of the social conditions resulting from the environment of both novelists, who employed them according to the nature of their reality and depending on the nature of the scenes they intended, under the mold of the nature of their specialization, which paved the way for them to enable them to diversify the characters and accurately chart their behavior.

Abstract The Iraqi novel traveled an evolutionary path full of many achievements, which was associated with the transformations of the Iraqi society at different political, cultural, social and economic levels. A reader who follows this path will not hesitate to acknowledge the superiority of some contemporary fiction experiences providing texts that break the monotony of classical writing and open new creative horizons. We will suffice to recall the experience of the Iraqi writer Sinan Anton, where it can be said that it is one of the most outstanding fictional experiences that embodied these transformations in four novels: "Ajam", "Al-Fahres", "The Only Pomegranate Tree" and "O Maryam". This research specifically focuses on Ajam's novel; A novel in which the contradictions and distortions of the readers' horizons are intensified. In the sense that our study examines the impact of the aesthetics of reception in Ajam's novel, through what the theory of the aesthetics of reception was based on, that is, the mechanisms of its pioneers, Yavs and Izer are represented in the horizon of expectation, aesthetic distance and the implied reader. This research also aims to show how the horizon of the readers’ expectation is changed in the novel by adopting the reading and reception theory approach and also explains the expansion of the aesthetic distance in the title and characters.    and finally reveals the implications of the implicit reader in the text

Abstract When addressing the Quranic studies, huge tradition & illustrations are produced, among which, Abdul Qaher Jarjani’s work was profound. He paid great attention to the Quran with holistic view based on his linguistic theory.He deeply pondered his predecessors’ debates regarding pronunciation & meaning. In the midst of that, he was struck by the connection of words in a remarkable manner.He realized the advantage on which he established fixed rules that has been subject to research & linguistic study, especially those in  Quran.
This study investigates Abdul Qaher Al Jarjany’s efforts in light of his book” Signs of Miracles”, to reach a perception of his perspective & insight in a way to reveal his opinions , methodology and purposes via the verses of Al Baqara (Cow)Chapter.