Studies on Arabic Language and Literature

Abstract Abstract:        
Critical discourse analysis is one of the types of discourse analyses that takes a critical stance on the way language is used. It tends to analyze all types of discourse with the aim of identifying the ideology and values inherent in those discourses.Khalil Hassan Khalil’s novels monitor the conditions of Egyption society,which is controlled by the English feudal lords,with the slavery and humiliation they imposed on the peasants.Since critical discourse analysis as articulated by Van Dijk examines the attacks of dominant social power and exposes social inequalities,Van Dijk’s style is an appropriate standard for addressing the issues of these narratives.This study attempted to clarify the ideology or ideologies of the novelist Khalil Hassan Khalil,relying on the descripitive analytical method and Van Dijk’s theory of critical discourse analysis.The results of the research reached that the discourse in the discourse producer’s narratives in presenting the positive image of members of the inside group i.e. workers and farmers, and presenting the negative image of members of the outside group,i.e. capitalists and colonialists,agree with Van Dijk’s ideological square.To achive this goal,the novelist employed several strategies and techniques,such as Description of the social function,creation of distance,extension, amplification,number game, and metaphor.
 
Extended Summary
The term discourse has been popular in its current sense since the 1980s and often refers to any speech activity or speech event.
Discourse analysis is a theory based on a set of principles and foundations. It is a field or cognitive area in which various procedures are involved, starting from linguistics to structuralism and beyond, semiotics and hermeneutics.
The importance of this research is in studying the text based on Van Dijk’s theory, which does not take a neutral position on issues, but rather defends the interests of marginalized groups and minorities in society and attempts to expose inequality and spread equality and justice among peoples in order to help minorities, the oppressed, and the marginalized. The approach of this study is descriptive-analytical, based on the theory of Van Dijk, who is considered one of the theorists of critical discourse analysis. He presented his theory in analyzing the linguistic system of the text by presenting the “ideological square” as follows: Highlighting the positive points of our group and the negative points of their group and marginalizing the negative points of our group and the positive points of their group. The "ideological square" is studied within the framework of the levels of meaning, rhetoric, argumentation, style, speech act and grammatical structure.
Critical discourse studies based on Toyn van Dijk's theory focus on "the characteristics of discourse that are closely related to the expression of social power, reproducing or challenging social power for the speaker or speakers and the writer or writers. The ideological square applies to the polarization between the out-group and the in-group in social practices, discourse, and social thought. Van Dijk's "ideological square" as a macro level contains sublevels of discourse. Each of these can be directly or indirectly involved in discrimination against members of minority groups or in biased discourse against them. These sublevels are: sounds, lexical items, positional meaning (of the sentence), schema (the conventional patterns of overall discourse organization), rhetorical devices, speech acts, and interaction. The analysis of the data of this research has shown that the method of processing Khalil Hassan Khalil’s discourse is consistent with Van Dijk’s (ideological square). The novelist has tried, through employing ideological strategies at the levels of meaning, argumentation, style and rhetoric, to represent the members of the internal group positively and to represent the members of the external group negatively. The dominant ideology of this discourse is the focus on the distance between our individuals and their individuals. The novelist's ideology is completely contradictory to the ideology of outgroup, i.e. the capitalists and colonists; because his ideology was to spread justice, equality, preserve human dignity, fight injustice and poverty, and resist the exploitation of the members of the ingroup, i.e. the lower classes of society and minorities. So this discourse does not support Authorities, but rather, according to Van Dijk's theory, defends people who have been oppressed and exploited by Authorities. In this discourse, according to Van Dijk's theory, the novelist highlights the positive points of our group members, such as honesty, loyalty, and fighting the bitterness of life, and the negative points of their group members, such as theft, luxury, exploitation of the lower classes in society, their injustice, and marginalization of minorities in the world. The producer of the discourse employed many linguistic and rhetorical strategies to represent the prevailing inequality in Egypt In the period in which the events of the novels took place. The novelist in his discourse uses techniques such as the number game and the presentation of documents to gain the trust of the recipients regarding his claims, to convince them, and to prove his truthfulness to them. The novelist was interested in choosing vocabulary that carries his ideology and shows his point of view towards the outgroup and ingroup. One of the strategies used in this discourse is the description of the social actor, through which the negative representation of the outgroup and the positive representation of ingroup to emphasize the opposition between them. The producer of the discourse makes the accusations against members of their group more effective by using the strategy of irony in your discourse, and divides people into members of the ingroup and members of the outgroup to depict the two opposite poles to the recipient based on the technique of "polarization".He attempts to delegitimize certain norms and wrong actions of authorities by adopting the technique of “counterfactualism” which points out the consequences of these norms, He also  uses metaphor to influence the audience.

Abstract Magical realism is a new approach to writing contemporary novels in which reality and fantasy are intertwined in such a way that all unreal and imaginary events in the context of the novel appear completely real and natural. This trend appeared in the novels of some Arab writers, including the famous Algerian writer, Al-Tahir Wattar. In the novel “The Pure Guardian Returns to His Pure Place,” we encounter the writer’s efforts to rely on a modern narrative structure and use the dream as an artistic trick that allows him to highlight what was hidden in his existence. This research was done with the aim of describing the story space and analyzing narrative techniques based on magical realism. Given that this novel seems to be the writer's first step in using this literary genre, it seems necessary to research how to apply magical realism to this novel. In this study, we relied on the application of magical realism in light of the social criticism approach descriptively and analytically. The results indicate that the novelist provided, with this approach, a space to express the reality of Islamic society and the problems of Algerian society, and expressed his critical vision. He built his novel based on the space of the subconscious, and we see a dispersion in the different periods. The novelist made the past a stage for historical events that form a background for the psychological emotions in the present. The novelist resorted to history and placed historical figures in legendary molds, and he benefited from the case of the killing of Malik bin Nuwayra at the hands of Khalid bin Al-Walid as a symbol of the collapse of temporal and spatial rules, and the presentation of the novel’s plot in a spiral manner to deny atonement and the ugliness of violence throughout history.
 
Extended Summary

Introduction

Magical realism is a contemporary literary style that blends reality with imagination, creating a unique and wondrous narrative space for the reader. It is characterized by the integration of strange, miraculous, and magical events within the framework of tangible realities. Critics view it as a means of exploring the self and the past. As such, magical realism serves as a novel method for addressing social, political, and cultural issues, aiming to convey deeper truths about reality.
Among all literary forms, the novel is particularly influenced by societal conditions and effectively mirrors social, political, and cultural structures. One of the most renowned writers in Arabic and Algerian literature is Al-Taher Wattar. He belongs to a generation of militant and revolutionary Algerian authors. In his novel “Al wali Attaher Returns to His Pure Shrine,” Wattar employs a modern narrative structure and uses dreams as an artistic device to reveal hidden aspects of his characters. This research seeks to analyze the narrative space and techniques in the novel through the lens of magical realism. Since this novel marks Wattar's initial foray into this literary genre, studying its application of magical realism is essential.

Materials & Methods

Studying literary works and understanding their authors is a fundamental aspect of literary criticism. This also applies to the exploration of the magical realism trend, as such an inquiry allows us to uncover the essence of novels and delve into the world of the novelist, their ideas, and their literary output.
In the realm of magical realism, novelists often turn to imagination and dreams to escape the constraints of reality, thereby realizing their aspirations and visions. Within the world of imagination, the barriers of the real world no longer exist, enabling the novelist to craft their universe as they see fit.
The significance of this research lies in its examination of contemporary critical and intellectual doctrines, facilitating an understanding of the contemplative connections between different literatures. This is particularly relevant to this novel, where we can identify common themes such as infidelity in Islamic countries, its repudiation, popular revolution, and the struggle against colonialism within the context of Islamic culture.
This research aims to elucidate the narrative space filled with oddities and wonders in the novel, based on the principles of magical realism. We will analyze three narrative elements—place, time, and character—using a descriptive and analytical approach. Through this method, we aim to explain the novel’s plot and its narrative techniques.

Research findings

In this novel, Wattar successfully blends elements of reality and imagination through the use of magical realism, effectively conveying his critical perspective on political and social issues. The narrative space in the novel is abstract, characterized by the lack of specific geographical dimensions when mentioning places.
Wattar constructs his novel on the foundation of the subconscious, closely linking various time periods with the present reality. He uses historical roles and facts as symbols for contemporary events. In developing the characters, Wattar relies on a foundation that intertwines the spiral structure of narrative and subconscious spaces, creating a unique and compelling literary work.

Discussion & Conclusion

     In this novel, Wattar skillfully employs magical realism by incorporating dreams, visionary worlds, and historical figures, allowing him to express his innermost thoughts without the burden of direct responsibility for them. The depiction of place in the novel is abstract, with geographical space reduced to three key points—Maqam, Zaytouna, and Al-Fayf—whose dimensions lose their geographical significance and become symbolic.
     The narrative intertwines various time periods with the present reality, using historical roles and facts to symbolize current events. The imaginary chronological sequence emphasizes the protagonist's emotional and psychological reactions in the present moment.
     The characters embody elements of magical realism, particularly Al wali Attaher, who exists across all times and places, representing the memory of Islamic history up to the present. Ballara, another central character, is depicted in a magical light, her nature ambiguous—she could be human or fairy, symbolizing peace, unity, lost identity, or strife. Historical figures such as Malik bin Nuwayra and Umm Tammam are portrayed as legendary, infused with magical and miraculous elements. Through these characters, Wattar encourages readers to reexamine history critically and to question the veracity of accepted narratives.
In conclusion, Wattar’s novel demonstrates how magical realism can be used to navigate and critique political and social issues. By blending reality with imagination and historical symbolism, he creates a rich, layered narrative that challenges readers to rethink their perceptions of history and reality.

Abstract In the contemporary world, entrepreneurship in various scientific fields has witnessed considerable growth. Entrepreneurship and commercialization, as the fundamental and ultimate goal in every branch of science, guarantee the survival of that domain and orientation, offering transformation and dynamism to the target community. Entrepreneurship in the field of nature therapy and health care, for the discipline of Arabic language and literature, based on attention to its unknown, and perhaps sometimes overlooked and neglected aspects, is one of the pivotal and precise points that, contrary to the general public's perception of it being limited to certain specific occupations and institutions, can define new and novel paths, routes, and horizons that others may have overlooked or indifferently passed by. However, this does not imply an absolute solution to problems but rather naturally entails obstacles and challenges. The present research, employing a descriptive-analytical method and drawing upon library resources, investigates the pathology of entrepreneurship in nature therapy for graduates of Arabic language and literature. The research findings indicate that purposeful planning with awareness of capacities and limitations, reforming, simplifying, and adapting the rules for employing competent and knowledgeable human resources who, in addition to language proficiency, are familiar with the cultural and social customs of other nations, as well as translating sources in the health care domain as an essential need for health tourists. Organizing educational and skill-building workshops to raise awareness and cultivate a culture of entrepreneurship, and forming.
Collaborative teams are among the solutions that should be implemented wisely and scholarly with the consultation and cooperation of experts and specialists. 
 

Introduction

Knowledge, science, economics, industry, entrepreneurship, and employment convey a network of meanings in a continuous chain that leads to social, cultural, and other forms of human development. Therefore, attention to the structures of scientific presentation, teaching skills, and the application of theoretical knowledge in attracting science specialists is vital and should be considered by all those involved in teaching Arabic language and literature graduates who aim to enter the entrepreneurial job market. Consequently, this leads to enhanced life expectancy, well-being, and peaceful coexistence. Given this context, recognizing individual, local, and national capabilities and identifying weaknesses and challenges can alleviate many obstacles facing entrepreneurs in this field.

Materials and Methods

This research employs a descriptive and analytical approach, utilizing written sources to examine the weaknesses and existing barriers in the field of nature therapy. The study aims to create job opportunities for Arabic language graduates and explore investment potential in natural capabilities for prevention, treatment, and health. It focuses on the necessity of
Addressing issues in planning and expansion, with an emphasis on marketing.

Research Findings

Arabic language graduates play a pivotal role in production and employment as they are a fundamental element in this field. They must familiarize themselves with the cultures of other countries, which contributes to attracting a large number of tourists and mitigating the absence of visitors. Their role should not be limited to what they observe and the tasks assigned to them. In addition to translating health and medical literature, they should generate novel and innovative ideas that adapt to the constantly changing reality of conditions to meet tourists' needs, as the availability of scientific and modern resources is contingent upon tourists' inclination and demand. In this regard, it is suggested that studies be increased, particularly in discovering natural and indigenous capabilities and creating pioneering ideas and educational workshops that can be implemented by graduates of Arabic language and literature and other related disciplines.
 

Discussion of Results


Lack of necessary guidelines in the field of natural leadership programs, which could be designed and developed in collaboration with Arabic language graduates, especially those with experience in therapy.
Insufficient investment in the nature therapy sector due to a lack of awareness about the advantages and capabilities of regions.
Absence of civic behavior and cultural norms in the regions.
Weak advertising and marketing due to poor knowledge levels, lack of awareness in Arabic translation and conversation, unfamiliarity with marketing policies in the target language, and sometimes low remuneration.
Services do not improve based on standards, where understanding the communication culture of Arabic-speaking tourists would be highly effective.
Shortage of specialized personnel in the field of medical tourism; utilizing specialized teams proficient in the target language would have a significant impact on attracting tourists.
Introduction of ineffective regulations and the use of ambiguous terms in the target language, which can be rectified through training for graduates.
Seasonal nature of some jobs leading to the employment of Arabic language graduates only during specific periods, which can be addressed through measures such as employee exchanges and alternative positions within the same group.

This research analyzes the entrepreneurial challenges faced by Arabic language and literature graduates in the field of nature therapy. The results indicate that providing and improving facilities and implementing intelligent strategies will have a positive impact on attracting more health tourists, requiring coordinated and responsible action and interaction.

Abstract The translation process seeks to transform text from one language to another while accurately conveying meaning, tone, and style. It takes up crucial communicative space by bridging the gap between different languages and facilitating understanding across diverse cultures and societies. An astute translator conveys the intended message by maintaining cultural nuances, idiomatic expressions, and context-specific references. Hence, tremendous efforts were made to bridge the vast space between languages and to seek an optimal solution to find a more appropriate equivalent for each denominator. Among these evaluative models, one can point out the functional equivalence model, which is a process in which the translator understands the concept of the source text and finds a way to express the same concept in the target text. The translator carries out this process in such a way that equivalents of the target text convey the same or similar meaning to the audience of the source text. Cultural concepts are considered among the most important inequalities in the translation process, and she presents eight techniques or strategies in the case of inequity. Using the descriptive-analytical approach, our research attempts to study the Persian Diwan’s translation of Abdul Qadir al-Jilani’s poems at the lexical level. The research shows that cultural concepts are among the most unequal in translation and cause many errors in the linguistic dimension, as the translator used the strategy of deletion and explanation in dealing with many of them.
 
Extended summary
 
The translation process seeks to transform text from one language to another while accurately conveying meaning, tone, and style. It takes a crucial communicative role by bridging the gap between different languages ​​and facilitating understanding across diverse cultures and societies. Inequalities often pose obstacles to this process, as great efforts are made to find a more appropriate equivalent for each denominator. Mona Baker's functional equivalence model included five levels, and it is a process in which the translator understands the concept of the source text and finds an appropriate way to express the same concept in the target text. Equivalence is a process of substitution from the source language to the target language. But using different stylistic and compositional means. Mona Baker divides equivalence into five types: Word-level equivalence: This means that words are translated from one language into equivalent words in the target language while preserving the meaning of the word and homogeneity at the level of the two languages. And equivalence at the sentence level: Becker believes that the beginning of the translation process is the word, but it is within the process of weaving the sentence, meaning that the word’s meaning is formed within the sentence. Equivalence at the grammatical level: Grammar is the unique structure of each language, and grammatical equivalence refers to the diversity that exists between languages, which often poses an obstacle in front of the translator. Because grammatical rules often differ from one language to another. Parity at the textual level: It is the structural consistency that occurs when there is parity in the exchange of information between the original text and the target text. Pragmatic equivalence: Becker’s pragmatism has to do with the implicit meaning that the writer of the original text wants to convey to the reader.
This research attempts, using the descriptive analytical method and employing Mona Baker’s theory of equivalence, to study Manal Al-Yamani Abdul Aziz’s translation of the poems of Abdul Qadir Al-Jilani. We will present the selected models and samples according to each technique and element of Mona Baker’s theory first, then we will explain the case at hand and the techniques used by the translator, and show the extent to which it conforms to Baker’s theory and the extent of his success in conveying the word or term. The importance of the research lies in employing an important and modern theory in translation studies, which is Mona Baker’s theory of equivalence. Providing an effective model for translators who translate literary works, especially poetry.   There is no doubt that this theory makes our judgment systematic and based on a solid methodology. It helps us conduct deeper and broader studies to avoid possible errors and provide appropriate equivalents.
The applied survey of the translation of Abdul Qadir al-Jilani’s poems shows us that the translator employed all the techniques suggested by Mona Baker in her translation, but the proportions were different for each technique. The borrowing technique was the most widely used technique, as translation took on the character of transfer or literalism in many cases. The technique of the general or specific word came in next place, as the translator was forced to employ it when confronting the different structure in the Arabic and Persian languages, and the distinct poetic style and context. Then came the technique of neutrality in translating vocabulary, indicating Abdel Aziz’s commitment to preserving the nuances and complexities of the source material. The cultural alternative technique occupied fourth place, as the translator paid little attention to it. This may stem from the difficulty of translating poetry and providing mostly a conceptual translation. Then came the explanation technique and the formulation of a relevant word, and the translator’s choices were successful and effective. Then we find the explanatory translation technique that favors the recipient, showing him the backgrounds or phrases deleted in the original text. Then we see the technique of deletion that arose from a misunderstanding of the word analysis and from avoiding repetition and redundancy. The explanatory translation technique and the explanatory translation technique came in the last two places by formulating an unrelated word, and it seems that the latter is difficult to apply, and takes great efforts and follow-up from the translator, as he must be familiar with the synonyms of the word and its relationships in the axis or context in which it is written Reply to it.

Abstract Muhammad Saeed Al Mansouri focused his poetry on the Prophet’s Famely, praise and lament. Among the poetry of lamentation, we chose the poem “After the Prophet” in the lamentation of Mrs. Fatima Al-Zahra (AS), in order to analyze it artistically, depending on the stylistic approach, focusing in our research on the phonetic level, which is represented in the external music, where we showed the poetic meter and its slips, and rhyme and its letters, especially the letter Al-Rawi and its vowels, and the internal music, as we stopped at the creative arts and repetition in all its forms. The research concluded that the poet was successful in his choice of the Al-Kamil meter, with a lot of benefit from the slithering and broken hamza in the narration of his poem, as the coming of the broken narrator suggests a broken psychological state, introverted on itself because of the kasra and the letter (yaa) that extends to the poet used the arts of anaphora and repetition to give his poetry a sound energy that helps to enhance the meanings of Zahra’s grief. He used  three kinds of anaphora and repeated the words in three forms: The unverbal repetition to emphesise that the sorrow in Zahra’s heart is the same illness that killed her, the verbal repetition that is not for emphasis at all, but rather to find an additional meaning for an arithmetic purpose, and the repetition of the word verbally and meaningly, represented by the repetition of the words of sadness and crying to suggest the strong presence of the case of Zahra in the mind of the poet, because it is the basic element on which the text is built, as it reveals the desire of the poet. In the whispered sounds of which it is repeated (137 letters), the letter Taa (38 times) and Haa (37 times) are repeated, while the letter Lam (75 times) and Mim (46 times) are repeated in the voiced sounds.
 
Extended summary
Introduction
The poet Muhammad Saeed Al Mansouri focused his poetry; Praise and lamentation, on the Ahlulbait (Relatives of the Prophet). We have chosen from among the poetry of lamentation the poem “After the Prophet” in lamentation of Lady Fatima al-Zahra (AS), in order to analyze it artistically, relying on the stylistic approach, focusing our research on the audio level represented in external and internal music.
The necessity and importance of the research lies in the lack of a study of this poem. From the artistic aspect, we therefore sought to shed light on it in order to answer the following two questions: What are the vocal characteristics that were evident in this poem? How were these characteristics manifested across the phonetic levels in the text?
 The goal of the research is to analyze the poem phonetically in an attempt to reveal the beauties in it through the stylistic approach, and we will not neglect the statistical approach.
 
Materials & Methods
In this study, we adopted the stylistic approach and used the statistical approach. We studied the external music, which is represented by meter, shifts, and vowels, and then we studied the poem’s rhyme; Its letters and vowels, then internal music. This poem that we are about to study is a vertical poem in the form of Alkamil meter.
Stylistic phenomena in the poem The Breastfeeding Widow by Al-Rusafi by Kawakib Karim Ghafoor (2019), in which she studied the stylistic features in this distinguished poem, such as the vocal aspect and the graphic and rhetorical aspect. The study concluded that repetition of all kinds is important in emphasizing the poet’s endeavor to convey his ideas, in addition to the phenomena of (compositional shift) and (pictorial shift), which include simile, metaphor, trope, and other graphic images used by the poet.
The article titled “The Poem of Al-Zahra (AS): A stylistic study” by Zainab Ali Kazem (2021) focused on the poet’s poetic language by researching the phonetic, syntactic, and semantic levels in the poem. The results showed multiple patterns of shift in the poem between compositional and substitution, as well as a large number of shifts and defects in it at the phonetic level. The poem is full of meaning and inspiration, and it combines simplicity and clarity with excellence in the graphic style based on the skillful choice of structures and sounds.
Research findings
The studied poem is from the complete, complete, and multiplied sea. Perhaps the poet's resort to implicitness with such intensity is due to his desire to convey a message to the recipient that he cannot reveal all the emotions inside him.
The rhyming letter felt between two letters of prolongation, one of which extends upward and the other extends downward. This has many connotations, the most important of which is extending the sound with a strong laryngeal pause similar to a lump in the throat that prevents the passage of food and drink (caused by the hamza), and raising or rising with it by twisting the rump and then descending with it along its extension with the same speed, but not Upward, but downward with extreme refraction, laden with all the effects, situations, and results that accompany refraction.
There is an alliteration of derivation between “dhel' and Adhale'” on one hand, and the words “kasar" and "kassar" on the other hand, which doubled the beauty of the verse by repeating the letters of those words in another way with the addition of a hamza and an alif in (Adhale') and repeating the "s" in (kassar), which enhanced the artistic image. We see a fit between the word “kasar” and the word “dhel'” (singular) and between the word “Adhale'” (plural) and the word “kassar,” the fit of the singular noun with the unaugmented triliteral verb without repetition, and the fit of the plural noun with the augmented triliteral, stressed, repeated verb.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
The poet repeated 137 whispered letters, the letter ta (38 times) and the letter ha (37 times). The whispered letters, despite their weakness and infrequency in the poem, perform an important function in two ways: the first is to highlight the voiced letters, and the second is to soften the speech so that it does not proceed at one pace, making the listener feel bored. While the letter Lām (75 times) and Mīm (46 times) were repeated in the voiced letters. The letter Ha is used to express groans, so if it is connected to a letter of prolongation, those groans are extended. If we look closely at the contexts in which the letter Qāf is mentioned, we will find that it tends towards internal, contextual meanings that are external in origin, and the meanings of cohesion and adhesion that the letter Lām performs are evident in the poem.
The letter hamza was the most frequent among the letters used by the poet, as it was repeated (44 times), including (23 times) in the rhyme as the rhyming letter and (21 times) during the poem and its filling. This letter indicates an extreme feeling of sorrow and anguish, and it is one of the airy letters that emerge from the poet’s interior and entrails without anything obstructing it, and with it emerges the sadness that overwhelms his feelings and sensations because “the narration coming broken suggests a broken psychological state.

Abstract The duality of life and death is considered one of the most important dualities that poets have paid special attention to. It is one of the dualities that attracts the recipient to arouse in him an optimistic feeling towards the expected birth. This duality was the focus of two poems by two poets, the first "Autumn Song" by the French poet Paul Verlaine and the second "Life in the Form of a Dead Leaf" by the Syrian poet Wafiq Sulaytin. The aim of the research is evident in its attempt to search for this duality in the two poems, through an inductive analytical comparative approach. The most important thing that the research addressed is summarized in analyzing the components of the poetic paintings; the auditory image and the visual image in the two poems, then the dialogue between the two texts on more than one level: the level of pronouns, the level of verbs, words and phrases, and reaching the dialogue of ideas. The most important results that the research reached are summarized in that man is a paper with two faces; If the Western poet chose his life to be on the first side; the world of material reality, then the Eastern poet had chosen to be on the other side of the paper based on his appreciation, appreciation and belief in this side. Hence, the point of difference between the two poets in their vision of the concepts of death and life; the first sees death as the end of life and the second sees it as its beginning in a Sufi view based on revelation. However, they agree on transcending the limits of closure and restriction in the poetic experience towards launching and liberating meaning from restrictions so that poetry becomes a new creative force capable of continuously revealing the depths, opening up to the horizon of meaning and the spaciousness of transcendence; transcending phenomena towards the hidden and transcending the body towards the soul.
 
Keywords: The duality of life and death, revelation, poetic paintings, autumn song, life in the form of a dead leaf.
 
Extended summary
Introduction
The duality of life and death is considered one of the most important dualities that poets have paid special attention to. It is one of the dualities that attracts the recipient to arouse in him an optimistic feeling towards the expected birth. This duality was the focus of two poems by two poets, the first "Autumn Song" by the French poet Paul Verlaine and the second "Life in the Form of a Dead Leaf" by the Syrian poet Wafiq Sulaytin. The aim of the research is evident in its attempt to seek this duality in the two poems.
Despite my diligent research, I did not find a study that compared the two poems, let alone a study that focused on the duality of life and death in them. However, there are critical studies on some of the works of the two poets, most of which are published in newspapers. I found a study by Adnan Shaheen published in issue 521, year 43, September 2014 of the monthly Al-Mawqif Al-Adabi magazine issued by the Arab Writers Union in Damascus. It focused on a critical view of the collection “Fragments of Meaning” by the poet Wafiq Sulaytin. In it, the researcher focused on the Sufi meanings mentioned in the collection, as if the poet was applying in his collection what he studied in his book (Between Poetry and Sufism). The study resembles newspaper articles that lack a scientific research system, so it is devoid of results. Hence the importance and necessity of the research, as it has not been previously discussed and is worthy of such a study to fill a gap in this field.
Methodology
If the trends of literary criticism have focused their attention on researching the relationship between the text and its author, as we find in psychological critical trends, or its relationship with its society, as we find in sociological trends, or in the interest in the structure of the text after isolating it from its environment, and severing its relationship with its multiple sources of author, society, etc., then the interest in analyzing the different relationships of the text with other texts can lead to an approach that places the text in confrontation with other texts in relationships of mutual effectiveness in influence and impact. Based on the usefulness of the analysis concerned with intertextuality, its effects, and interactions, since the relationship between literary texts has never been severed, we have adopted in this research a comparative approach that can be summarized in studying the relationships of a contemporary poetic text, "Life in the Form of a Dead Leaf", with an earlier poetic text, "Autumn Song", to answer the following questions: What is the role of language in establishing the poetic experience? What is the mutual denominator between the poetic and Sufi experiences? What is the role of imagination in the poetic and Sufi experiences?
Results
The title is generally considered the reference that includes within it the sign, symbol and condensation of meaning (Halifi, 2004: 10), and at the same time it is a miniature mirror of the textual fabric; it reflects ideas and feelings, and it is, in addition, an integral part of the general poetic scene of the poem: it foretells, suggests, and carries an essential function through which we can access the text. Therefore, reading the mutual relations between the titles of the two gates and the title of the poem that is the subject of the study, reveals the text that seems to be a natural and necessary result of the two previous titles. Was autumn, with its sad manifestations, combined with the indications of autumnal nature with its similar manifestations of sadness?
The poet and critic Ezra Pound insists that poetry should be read as music, not as speech, “where the words are charged with musicality.” (René Wellek, 2004: 345) Verlaine cleverly makes musicality the basis of his autumn poem, summoning sad autumn through the harmony between the music of the rich and multi-sourced vocalization on the one hand, and its material and moral sufferings in all their forms on the other. The first thing that attracts the listener’s ear is the implicit music of the poem emanating from its successive lines in a melodic rhythm, especially when reading it. Another musical richness that the poet focuses on when he relies on the musical vote achieved in the resulting harmony, whether in the letters with a phonetic specificity, or in the chosen words with a musical specificity, or in the chosen rhymes that supported the other musical sources to raise the pace of the melody and extend the sound of the tune to match the faint autumn melodies on the one hand, and the sad ones spread throughout nature on the other hand.
Sulaytin's inspirations from Verlaine's poem are varied; sometimes he invokes apparent intertextuality in some vocabulary and structures, and sometimes he draws inspiration from its basic idea about the tragedy of human existence to contrast it with another that is in line with his Sufi visions about death. The poet's multiple forms of dealing with Verlaine's text ultimately constitute nothing but creative interactions whose primary goal is to transform thought towards a direction other than the existential direction, in addition to enriching the poetic text and enriching these relationships with a different experience. So how does the text rebuild its vision through dialogue with the other text? The dialogue between the two texts takes place on more than one level: the level of pronouns, verbs, words and phrases, leading to a dialogue of ideas, modification of visions, and the production of a new text with a different vision.
Conclusion
The poetic text, through its gradual attempt, was able to transform the material existential vision of death, which stands at the surface without depth, into a Sufi vision that cares for the soul, and goes beyond the apparent to the inner, to the depths. Through all of this, it was able to possess a conscious and purposeful poetic act to influence the attitude of others towards their lives. It is the human being, the paper with two sides; if the Western poet chose for his life to be on the first side, the world of material reality, then the Eastern poet had chosen to be the other side of the paper based on his appreciation, appreciation and belief in this side. Hence, the point of divergence between the two poets in their vision of the concepts of death and life. If this vision differs between the two poles of the duality, can its two sides come together to transcend the limits of closure and restriction in the poetic experience towards taking off and liberating meaning from restrictions so that poetry becomes a new creative force capable of continuously revealing the depths, opening up to the horizon of meaning and the spaciousness of transcendence. Whatever the difference or agreement in the two visions, the condition of agreement between the two experiences, poetry in general and Sufism in particular, is achieved in that the reliance of the experiences of poetry and Sufism on language, not only as a means of communication, is a condition for establishing the two experiences. Despite the specificity of language in each of them, it is also characterized in both experiences as a language of suggestion and allusion, not a language of declaration. It is a language that does not inform, but rather reveals and suggests. Poetry has always been the tool for revealing the conditions of Sufis, and a means of expressing their experiences, conditions and struggles. The collections of Sufi poets are eternal witness to that.

Abstract Rhetoric is one of the most important literary arrays that human beings have adhered to from ancient times to the present day for several purposes like politics, preaching, and encouragement. The rhetoric consists of three parts: verbal communication, convincing, and persuasion. This literary kind requires rational and logical evidences for convincing. To persuade, meaning that the words resonate within the heart of the contact, requires a different writing style or inspiration than the other texts. This effect is applied through the preacher’s or orator’s cognition of the methods of eloquence, the rhetorical sciences and the method of induction and sequence. This research surveys the rhetoric of some famous orators from Syrian and Iranian contemporary literature, namely the Syrian writer Adeeb Ishaq and the Iranian writer Mirza Aqa khan Kermani. These two orators lived at the same era and both of them got familiar with French culture and they also met Sayyed Jamal al-din al-Afghani. In this research, we compared some of their rhetoric, relying on the descriptive-analytical approach and using the approach of the American school of adaptive literature. We achieved some results including: the introduction of the rhetoric of the Adeeb Ishaq has literary value. He writes his introductions using surprising methods, following the traditional Maqama writing methods. But Mirza Aqa khan Kermani’s style in the introduction focused on exemplification. He represents an image of his intended topic as an example and then he addresses the main core of the topic. The two writers also used short sentences and phrases to write about a topic. In the rhetoric of those orators, the emphasis is on a logical method that indicates enlightenment and the removal of incorrect traditions and beliefs and in fact, the structure serves the content in this method. It was also specified that Adeeb Ishaq is a nationalist in his affiliation and Kermani is a chauvinist, that is, inclined to extreme nationalism towards his country.
Keywords: Rhetoric, Adaptive Literature, Two Contemporary Literatures Of Syria And Iran, Adeeb Ishaq, Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani.
Extended Summary

Introduction

Rhetoric in terminology is a type of speech known as a sermon delivered to people with the aim of influencing and persuading. It is a literary art known to man since ancient times. Literature may appear in a new guise when it is linked to opinions and ideas. What links this literature to values such as freedom in its general form and freedom of opinion in its specific form are the social and political conditions prevailing in the country. Under these conditions, some of the elites of society may emerge who undertake to transfer the process of enlightenment and ignite it among human minds to break the shackles and throw away the fanaticism and backwardness within them in order to move forward and advance. According to the status of Adeeb Ishaq’s sermons in Syria and the Arab world and the impact he left on the enlightenment struggle he adopted, as well as the new vision adopted by Mirza Agha Khan Kermani in Iran to free the country from the systematic colonialism that began to spread in the veins of both countries from Iran and Syria, their sermons played a fundamental role in exposing the harm from the country.

Materials & Methods

The contemporaneity of Adib Ishaq and Agha Khan in the events, their vision of the French Revolution and their influence on it, as well as their sitting with Asadabadi and their work to enlighten the people and fight colonialism through speeches and articles, and the difference between the two writers in the type of literary statement, artistically and morally, these are the foundations of this study. This article studies the speeches of these two writers according to the American school of comparative literature and the descriptive analytical method. This is because this school relies on two principles, The moral principle, which reflects the position of a great nation open to the world. It is thus concerned with giving every foreign culture the democratic sympathy it deserves, and at the same time aware of its Western roots that preserve the aesthetic and human values of literature with a kind of jealousy, as it feels what - the values - are like a spiritual opening, pursuing the experimentation of methods and interpretations. This school studies the literary phenomenon in a comprehensive manner, as well as abandoning the approach based on limiting the foreign influences contained in literary works and the impact they exerted.

Research findings

The introduction to the speeches of the writer Ishaq is characterized by literary value, as he writes the introductions using the style of surprise and gives an incomplete picture of the subject according to the style of writing the Maqamat. As for Kermani’s style in the introduction, it is based on representation, often inspired by sensory matters. Likewise, at the end of his speeches, Adeeb resorts to literature again. Both writers use rhyme, but you see it in Adeeb in an intensive way, and this is due to the Arab nature that loves rhyme. The speeches of the writer Ishaq are characterized by rhyme, as you see rhyme in every subject he addresses. Regarding antithesis and contrast, we see Kermani also using antithesis and contrast a lot, as if the two orators are representing the contrast and contradiction that they see in the lives of the people. The influence of Asadabadi and the Enlightenment thought that was taken from French culture, can be seen in both writers’ speeches. Also, through our research into the psychology of the two orators, it became clear that Adib Ishaq is a nationalist in his affiliation and Kermani is a chauvinist, meaning he tends towards extreme nationalism in confronting events and speaking about them.

Discussion of Results & Conclusion

The context for both writers is a literary rhetorical context. Adib used symbolism and rhyme a lot, while Agha Khan was satisfied with some of the appeal and allusion that distinguished him from Adib. Adib Ishaq’s speeches were more literary, but in terms of ideas and the eloquence of the smooth statement to convey the idea to the recipient, they did not reach Kermani’s speeches. This research has reached several new aspects of the ideas and methods that each orator carried individually. The two were distinguished in adopting a new, rhetorical and concise style to deliver enlightening knowledge through oratory. Aqa Khan had the greate in this innovation. He did not mix heritage in his speeches and committed himself to innovation, while Adeeb committed himself to heritage in all the introductions to his speeches because they were closer to the Arabic nature. As for the influence, we may see that Adeeb devoted his efforts to literary influence in awakening Arab thought, while frankness, eloquence and sharpness surged in Aqa Khan. Thus, rhetoric became, for both writers, a weapon of enlightenment that keeps pace with the times and its data and preserves the heritage of the Syrian and Iranian peoples against colonialism.

Abstract Communication is one of the most important theories of new linguistics, which was theorized by Roman Jakobson. He believes that every linguistic event consists of six elements, which are: Sender, receiver, message, code, context, communication channel. He has determined six functions for each element in transfering the message: emotive function that is related to the sender conative function that is related to the receiver poetique that function that related to the message itself, phatique function that is related to the communication channel, referentielle function that is related to the context of the message, metalinguistic function that is related to the interpretation of language. One of the types of narration in the Quran is storytelling, which is one of the most important means of conveying the message to the audience. The present research was carried out with descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of investigating the six functions of Jakobson's theory of communication in the story of Moses and Khidr  (PBUH) in Surah Al- Kahf . The research problem is to examine the degree of conformity of the communication theory with the verses; Especially the Quranic discourse and the effect of this theory in a new interpretation of the Holy Quran. The results indicate that the story of Moses and Al-Khidr (PBUT) revolves around the topic of education and learning, and this issue is mostly realized through two-way communication between the teacher and the learner. Therefore, it is expected that the persuasive function will be more prominent compared to other functions. All the actions that Al-Khidr (PBUH) used to teach Moses about piercing the ship and killing the teenage boy and building the wall are considered a non-verbal behavior style. The combined verbal-behavioural style has also had the least use in the verses of the story, which can be seen in the speech of Moses (PBUH) in expressing the extreme fatigue and hunger caused by his long night journey. As it is evident, the adaptation of the verses in this story based on the theory of communication brings us a new interpretation in accordance with the requirements of the time and leads to a new and deep and unprecedented understanding of them.
Keywords: discourse, communication, Surah Al- Kahf, story of Moses and Al-Khidr, Roman Jakobson.
 
Extended Summary
Introduction
Communication is one of the most important theories of new linguistics, which was theorized by Roman Jakobson. He believes that every linguistic event consists of six elements, which are: sender, receiver, message, code, context, communication channel. He has determined six functions for each element in transfering the message: emotivethat function that is related to the sender, conative function that is related to the receiver poetiquethat function that related to the message itself, phatique function that is related to the communication channel, referentielle functionthat is related to the context of the message, metalinguistique function that is related to the interpretation of language. Many teachings of the Quran are done through literary techniques. One of the types of narration in the Qur'an is storytelling, which is one of the most important means of transfering the message to the audience. Therefore, it is necessary to use new linguistic theories in order to provide a new and deep interpretation of these verses. One of the surahs of the Quran that has various styles of storytelling is Surah Al- Kahf.
Materials & Methods
The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the six functions of Jakobson's theory of communication in the story of Moses and Al-Khidr (PBUT) in Surah Al- Kahf. The method used is descriptive-analytical. In this method, the researcher tries to collect a large amount of information, hypotheses and variables, then explores the relationships between them and uses appropriate analytical tools that lead him to logical results in the field of scientific research.The research problem is to examine the degree of conformity of the communication theory with the verses; Especially the Quranic discourse and the effect of this theory in a new interpretation of the Holy Quran. In order to achieve this, the current research seeks to find a suitable answer to the following questions:

To what extent can the theory of language communication be applied to the Qur'anic verses, especially in the Qur'anic address in Surah Al- Kahf?
To what extent can this theory be effective in presenting a new interpretation of the Holy Quran?

Research findings
The story of Moses begins with the daughter of Yoshua ben Nun, the letter (Behold) at the beginning of verse 60: (Behold, Moses said to his attendant) It indicates that God reminds the prophet of this story, so the story has started with a function conative. Verse 61:( But when they reached the Junction, they forgot (about) their Fish, which took its course through the sea (straight) as in a tunnel) It has a function referentielle; Because the words used in it have an external example, for example, the word (Junction) indicates the (junction of the two seas),which was the meeting place of Moses and Al-Khidr (PBUT) and the same is the case with the word (Fish) which has meta-linguistic and mental examples. In verse 63:(Sawest thou (what happened) when we betook ourselves to the rock? I did indeed forget (about) the Fish) The verb (Sawest) has a function function poetique that; Because this verb is used in its non-positional sense which in many cases means (giving news). Verse 64: (That was what we were seeking after) It has an function phatique, as Moses instructs his youth that releasing the shark is a sign of achieving the goal.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
 The results indicate that the story of Moses and Al-Khidr (PBUT) revolves around the topic of education and learning, and this issue is mostly realized through two-way communication between the teacher and the learner. Therefore, it is expected that the persuasive function will be more prominent compared to other functions. All the actions that Al-Khidr (PBUH) used to teach Moses about piercing the ship and killing the teenage boy and building the wall are considered a non-verbal behavior style.The combined verbal-behavioural style has also had the least use in the verses of the story, which can be seen in the speech of Moses (PBUH) in expressing the extreme fatigue and hunger caused by his long night journey. As it is evident, the adaptation of the verses in this story based on the theory of communication brings us a new interpretation in accordance with the requirements of the time and leads to a new and deep and unprecedented understanding of them.

Abstract Sigmund Freud provided the basis for analyzing literary works using psychoanalytic methods. The novel Honaa Al-warda, by the Jordanian writer Amjad Nasser, is one of the political novels in which the author paid special attention to psychological issues and the hidden struggle of the inner forces of the novel’s hero, Younis Al-Khattat, in dealing with its subject. Therefore, the current research attempts to study the internal conflict of Yunus Al-Khattat, the hero of this novel, based on Freud’s theory, and to analyze the outcome of the battle between the id, the ego, and the superego over his individual and social life. The results of the research indicate that heredity, family environment, relationships with peers, the tense political and social atmosphere, and the propaganda of intellectual and political organizations play a major role in shaping Yunus’s acute internal conflict. His comprehensive internal anxiety is caused by the establishment’s pressures on himself and his logical ability and its insistence on quickly meeting its irrational, material and emotional demands, as well as the destructive and false ideals of the superego that lead him to many adventures and ambitions, and work that leads to the assassination of the president and exposes his life, his fate, and the fate of his family to danger.
Keywords: psychoanalysis, Freud's theory, Amjad Nasser, Honaa Al-Warda's novel, Younis Al-Khattat.
 
Extended Summary
Introduction
Psychoanalysis is a literary criticism method that studies psychological novels and, through exploring the characters in the novel, explains how their personality is constructed. Systematic and scientific criticism of psychology began concurrently with the beginning of psychology and the publication of Sigmund Freud's works at the end of the nineteenth century. Since Freud was the first to subject literature to psychological interpretation, he had a great interest in reading literary works, as literature had a profound impact on his personal and scientific life, and he used it to expand the horizons of his work in psychoanalysis as well as to expand the scope of his psychological discourse. His views on the personal characteristics of writers and artists are not merely psychoanalytic, but rather a combination of psychological theories and his literary taste. Amjad Nasser is a well-known Jordanian creative writer who has paid special attention to psychological issues in writing his novels. Honaa Al-Warda is Nasser's second novel nominated for the International Booker Prize in 2018. It narrates the life events of a leftist activist named "Younis Al-Khattat" and expresses all the traits of his personality in the form of behaviors, actions, and political adventures. Honaa Al-Warda is a political novel that shows the developments in the Arab world in the seventies. Therefore, the psychological analysis of the main character in this novel can express the influence of individuals in society in Arab countries from political, social, cultural, and intellectual circumstances and represents many historical unknowns. Therefore, the current study, based on Freud's theory on the three levels of personality, attempts to study the role of the internal conflict of Younis, the hero of the novel, in shaping his personality type. First, Freud's theory and the tripartite structure of personality are analyzed from his point of view, then Younis's internal developments are analyzed according to Freud's theories and the impact of his internal conflict on his personal and social life is expressed. This research aims to answer these questions:
1- What are Nasser's goals in creating the character of Younis?
2- How does the battle between the id and the ego occur in the character of Younis and what is the result of the subconscious's dominance over his consciousness?
3- How does the Oedipus complex affect the creation of the superego of Younis and what is the result of the conflict of the ego with the superego?
4- How does the conflict of the three forces in the character of Younis affect his personal and social life?
Methodology
Freud is considered the first psychologist to assign a specific structure to the human personality in which the internal actions of the human being are formed under the influence of instincts and conflicting forces. From the beginning of his life until its end, the human being constantly fights and quarrels with various forces and people, but this battle is not limited to the outside world. "Freud searches for this conflict in the depths of human existence, which causes the formation of the human personality and intellectual development"; the human world is an arena of confrontation between different forces that interact automatically with each other, which leads to the health of the human soul and spirit, and the absence of this interaction causes anxiety and insecurity in the human personality. Freud sees that the structure of the human personality includes three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. "These three parts of the personality interact at three levels of psychological life with each other, and the ego passes through different spatial levels and has conscious, semi-conscious, and unconscious elements. While the superego is semi-conscious and unconscious, the id is completely unconscious"; these levels are completely intertwined and cannot be separated, and the ego exists at all these levels under different conditions.
Discussion
By describing the whispers of Younis Al-Khattat and his tense inner life from childhood to youth, Amjad Nasser depicts the role of the authoritarian atmosphere, suffocation, lack of freedom and social justice, and the violation of the principle of democracy that govern some Arab countries in shaping the internal conflict of individuals in Arab societies and the desire for violent actions. He also criticizes the exploitation of authoritarian individuals like Younis by political organizations that push them, by stimulating their internal forces, to violence and terrorism in order to achieve their goals. In reality, the dreams of such a generation of young people turn into a pile of ashes. The id's insistence on satisfying his material, immoral and irrational needs leads to the formation of his aggressive, hasty and reckless personality that exhausts his rationality and ego with repeated demands. The id of Yunus, by its rebellion against the ego, passes from the unconscious and semi-conscious area and enters the conscious level, and the ego weakens and is unable to provide Yunus with the appropriate ideas and solutions to overcome problems, and great anxiety and confusion dominate his existence.
Conclusion
The superego of Younis, due to the failure to resolve the Oedipus complex in his childhood and his failure to undergo the process of understanding his parents’ behavior and not following their orders and what should and should not be done, takes on an abnormal, unnatural, and neurotic state. Younis thinks that his father is his competitor in winning his mother’s love, and he constantly tries to rescue himself from his father’s control. The desire for superiority and authority becomes entrenched in him, and the false ideal ego is formed in him, far from external reality, leading to walking in a world of fantasy and dreams, and causing the superego and its unreasonable ideals to turn against the ego and blame it for following the principle of reality. It is stubborn like the id and insists on achieving its demands in an irrational way, which makes Younis justify terrorism and violence and consider it a value and a custom, regardless of his responsibilities towards his wife and family.
 
The Sources and References:
A: Books                                             

Abbas, Faisal, Psychoanalysis and Freudian Tendencies, Clinical Comparison, I1, Beirut: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 1996. ]In Arabic[
A group of authors, References Personality, Id, Ego and Superego, translated by: Wajih Asaad, Damascus: Publications of the Ministry of Culture of the Syrian Arab Republic, 2002. ]In Arabic[
Engler, Barbara, Introduction to Personality Theories, translated by: Fahd bin Abdullah bin Dulaim, Mecca, Taif Literary Club Publications,1411. ]In Arabic[
Feist, Jess, Feist, Gregory J, Personality Theories, translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi, I5, Tehran: Nash Ravan, 1389. ]In Persian[
Freud, Sigmund, The Ego and the Id, translated by Muhammad Othman Najati, I4, Beirut: Dar Al-Shorouk, 1982. ]In Arabic[
Freud, Sigmund, Instinct and culture, studies in psychology, translated by Hussein Al-Mawazni, I1, Baghdad-Beirut: Al-Jamal Publications, 2017. ]In Arabic[
Freud, Sigmund, Al-Kaf, Affection, and Anxiety, translated by Muhammad Othman Najati, I4, Beirut-Cairo: Dar Al-Shorouk, 1989. ]In Arabic[
Freud, Sigmund, New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, translated by Izzat Rajeh, Misr Printing House. ]In Arabic[
Freud, Sigmund, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, translated by Ishaq Ramzi, I5, Dar Al-Maaref. ]In Arabic[
Freud, Sigmund, Summary of Psychoanalysis, translated by George Tarabishi, I2, Beirut: Dar Al-Tali’ah, 1986. ]In Arabic[

11.Freud, Sigmund, Ego and Id, translated by Amin Pasha Samadian, Tehran: Pandar Taban, 2014. ]In Persian[

Freud, Sigmund, Heads of psychoanalytic theory, translated by Hossein Payandeh, Arghonun magazine, number 22, 2001. ]In Persian[
Nasser, Amjad, Hona Al-warda, Beirut: Dar Al-Adab, 2017. ]In Arabic[
Shultz, Dovan, Theories of Personality, translated by Yusuf Karimi and colleagues, I10, Tehran: Arsbaran, 2012. ]In Persian[

B: University Theses

Dimesh, Hanan and Laila Boudiar, “Application of the Psychological Method according to Ahmed Haydouche,” a thesis for obtaining a master’s degree in Arabic language and literature, supervised by: Nabila Aabash, Muhammad Al-Sadiq Ben Yahia University, Jijel, 2014 AD. ]In Arabic[

 
C: Magazines

Al-Khaironi, Halima and Abdul-Ghani bin Muhammad, “The Psychological Method in Literary Analysis: The Novel as a Model,” Scientific Journal of Language and Culture, Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’azzam Shah International Islamic University, Malaysia, 2022 AD, Volume 7, Issue 2, pp. 21-/34. ]In Arabic[
Hosseini, Seyyed Sajid and Bakhtiar Sajjadi, Representation of the semi-conscious in the narrative from a psychoanalytic perspective: Examining the flow of the mind in the short story "Tomorrow" by Sadegh Hedayat", Contemporary Persian Literature, Year 8, Number 2, 2017, pp. 35-62. ]In Persian[
Maarouf, Yahya and Muslim Khezeli, "Criticism of the psychology of personality in Motanbi's poems", Arabic Literature, Issue 2, 1392, pp. 193-216. ]In Persian[
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20.Yohnai, Massoud Reza, review of conscious and unconscious from Sartre and Freud's point of view, Afaq Humanities Monthly, year 4, number 38, 2019, pp. 81-/96. ]In Persian[
 

Abstract Due to political, religious, and cultural issues, Iraqi society witnessed turmoil, destruction, and social unrest in the 1960s. Therefore, in his debut literary work, the novel “The Sky Was Blue, Ismail Fahd Ismail tried to reflect these depressing societal realities. Using generative structural theory, the study explained the causes of social alienation that led to the protagonist’s disloyalty and rage and feelings of hatred, aversion, and refusal to comply with society’s cultural, political, social, and religious norms. The study aimed to reveal the significant structure by deconstructing and analyzing the text’s constituent elements and demonstrating their connection to Iraq’s cultural and social realities, and also to show how the novelist embodied the Iraqi societal reality in the novel “The Sky Was Blue” using a descriptive analytical approach. The study concluded that, through narrative techniques, especially description and discourse, the author adopted the method of self-interrogation, questioning others and Istedraji interrogation, and to employ symbolic language and simile at some points, to reveal the Iraqi societal reality in the sixties; The significant structure of the text was the lack of stability, harmony, unity and stability in Iraqi society due to disintegration, decadence and class deterioration at that period.
 
Key words: The Sky was blue, Ismail Fahd Ismail, Social Alienation, Generative Structuralism.
 
Extended summary

Introduction

Social alienation is one of the sociological phenomena that causes a person to feel repulsed and alienated from his own society. This phenomenon was emerged in the Iraqi society in the sixties due to the social-political tensions among the people of this country; and Ismail Fahad Ismail depicted it in his debut literary work "The sky was blue".
This study employed Goldmann's generative structuralism method to examine this novel from a sociological perspective. According to the aforementioned analytical method, the structure of the literary work is the result of the social conditions of the society in which the work was emerged. Similarly, Lucien Goldmann believed that of all the literary forms, the novel is the one better suited for sociological investigation because, in his opinion, novel has little imagery compared to the poem, and most of its constituent elements can be seen in the real world.
This theory consists of two stages, reception and interpretation. In the reception stage, the internal structure of the text is thoroughly examined to reach a meaningful structure, and this meaningful structure is then incorporated into the structure of the society in the interpretation stage,

Materials and Methods

Two types of materials are needed for the sociological analysis of the novel "The sky was blue" in the light of the theory of generative structuralism. The first category is the data that the author receives from the novel itself, which includes story elements such as characters, events, and descriptions, as well as the methods of expression that the author uses to convey his meaning in internal and external dialogues, which are often interrogative and coded sentences. The second category consists of political-social information about the Iraqi society in the sixties, which was obtained through the study of historical books and articles, and the internal structure of the novel should be adapted to the social context of Iraq in that period and found similarities.
This review, used a descriptive-analytical method. In the first part of this method, the definition of the theory of generative structuralism and its fundamental concepts and how to apply them in the literary work were explained, and the second part, discussed how these concepts are applied to the texts in the novel.

Research findings

The conducted research showed that certain social, political and religious factors in the Iraqi society had caused a break among its social classes, and it was the educated and cultured class that suffered from disturbances/ chaos and sought to bring the society out of chaos by informing other social classes. The problematic protagonist is a representative of the educated class, and the author prefers to keep him anonymous to show that due to the spread of ignorance among the masses and turning to superstition, and surrendering to oppressive laws, no one would listen to the words of the cultured and educated class. Therefore, the problematic protagonist of the story decides to escape from his country to Iran to escape this situation. Throughout story, the problematic protagonist, by using questions, tries to call other fictional characters to think about the disordered situation of the society, so that they become a little more aware. He believes that the political system ruling the country suppresses any force that opposes its goals for the sake of financial interests and to maintain the presidency and obtain higher government positions, and this caused the spread of corruption, cruelty and ignorance among the people.
The oppressive government deprived the people of freedom of speech and turned them into slaves and one of the methods of creating sedition among the social classes, especially the unlearned or illiterate social classes, was the use of religious discrimination that was happened between different religions. In fact, our wise protagonist in one of his descriptions describing the external reconstruction of the old cinema building, whose name was also changed, cryptically points out to the political revolutions that took place during that period had nothing new to improve the situation of people. and the slogans they chanted were all nonsense and the purpose behind these lies was to deceive the simple and gullible people into joining them in order to achieve their personal and not national goals.

Discussion of Results and Conclusion

The obtained results demonstrate the extent to which the author used storytelling techniques to reveal the deplorable social reality of Iraq in such a way that he attempted to demonstrate the social alienation that the protagonist suffered, through internal dialogues and external dialogues, based on questions and descriptions, and he shows the level of ignorance and simplicity of the Iraqi people, and through the random switching of the pronoun from third person to first person, proves the real existence of the hero to him in the society.
The temporal and spatial structure of the novel, which indicates the absolute darkness and confinement of space, is similar to the suffocating and oppressive atmosphere of Iraqi society, and this similarity originates from a worldview that the author is inclined towards. This worldview, which has created a harmony between the structure of the world of the novel and the social structure of Iraq, is based on the creation of equality between social classes.
By this review, it can be concluded that the generative structuralism method in the literary analysis of a work is important in two aspects; Firstly, it preserves the literary value of a work, and secondly, in terms of its sociological characteristics, it is possible to reveal issues in literature that may have been concealed from critics or historians.