Studies on Arabic Language and Literature

Abstract The verbal verbs theory is one of the most important theories in linguistic philosophy that John Austen laid the foundations, stressing that when we utter a sentence, we do three verbs: the verb and the verb included in the articulation and the influential verb. And deeds divided them into verdicts, executives, promises, crosses and expressions, and the latter indicates the speaker's will to express his psychological feelings and components sincerely.
    This research studies the wishful thinking method (as a model) in the light of expressive verbal actions based on the descriptive-analytical method, in order to realize the extent of verbal realization of wishful thinking. The importance of research and its necessity lies in revealing the emotional emotions of people and how to express them through the wishful thinking method, and the availability of conditions of convenience in verifying verbal action.  The most important finding of the research is that the conditions of relevance were not completed by Austin and Searle because they lack the conditions of time and space, just as the condition of sincerity may be fulfilled in expressive verbal action and may not be fulfilled, as it is not a necessary condition in expressions. As for wishful thinking in the noble Qur’an, it relates with the attitudes of the world to the believers and others, and its accomplishment strength manifests itself in showing repentance, remorse, and bewilderment at the missed opportunity, restraint and forgiveness, fear of strife and denial, eagerness and regret, as it is available in the positions of the resurrection, to express the psychological emotions of the unjust and infidels;  they witnessed the horrors of the resurrection and the fire of hell, which led them to fear and terror, and to show remorse affecting the addressees, to get rid of the painful reality.  The conditions of suitability were met in many places, but the conditions of time and space were not met in all situations, which led to the failure of verbal actions.

Abstract    The use of symbols is one of the most effective ways that helps intensify the events and the theme in a short story. And it involves the readers in explaining and interpreting the codes, thus educating them socially and culturally. This study aims at exploring the Omanian experience in short short stories, seeking to study one of these experiences by a critical analysis of a group of short short stories entitled “Serinmat” by Waleed AL-Nabhani. The study will analyze the way the writer utilized different symbols intellectually and aesthetically, starting with the implications of the significant title. In addition, the use of enigmatic texts involves the readers emotionally in the presented phenomenon. This study will emphasize on the intentionality the writer is seeking by enfolding his themes and presenting them in the form of symbolic short short stories. And it will shed light on his perspectives about controversial issues in the Omanian society. The descriptive analytical approach was used in analyzing the data. The research will show that: the writer has managed to intensify his stories by the use of either brief or total symbolic expressions through the texts. His diversity in selecting the symbols and the sources he gained his symbols from are very broad including religious, historical, local heritage, and nature. In addition, he has skillfully invested the symbolic principle to establish his intentionality in preserving the ancient Omanian heritage, and to fulfil different cultural and educational goals, such as: Fighting worn out beliefs, urging critics to pay attention to various literary genres, and highlighting social and economic corruptions.

Abstract The diversity of Characters has a decisive impact on the appearance of their dimensions. This effect is technically recognized. These dimensions have varied and differed according to the nature of the narrative character. These dimensions are summed up in the physical / physiological dimension, the social/sociological dimension, and the psychical/ psychological dimension.
   This study uses from the analytical descriptive approach and strives to introduce the characters of Iraqi novelist Saad Mohammed Rahim. The purpose of this study is to do a research the "Hymn of a Woman", "Twilight of the Sea", to identify the background of each character, so it is necessary to disclose the behavior of characters by presenting their entities.
    It turns out that the writer describes the physical, social and psychological aspects of his characters. And through his use of techniques such as internal monologue and the stearm of consciousness, he reveals the psychology of the shattered hero, his broken memory and nightmares of war, and the burden of the past he has suffered. He also made the narrator his deputy or his mask that disappears behind him. The rest of the characters reflect the scenes behind them. They are expatriates or tourists looking for their identity.

Abstract Abu Hamed al-Gharnati has written two travelogues in the field of Arabic travel writing, entitled "The Delicate of Hearts and Elite Admiration" and "Expressed some of the Morocco’s wonders". A unique feature of both travelogues is their wonder-taking, meaning that the travel writer seeks to narrate amazing events and to focus on scenes that surprise us. For this reason, he uses the word "wonders" in the title of his travelogue. This approach of the author delays the reader and makes them consider them superstitious stories that have no real context. Ghranati, who is fascinated by the remarkable observations, realizes this and uses various mechanisms to reassure the reader and create a real world for him while dealing with strange stories. The present study intends to use the descriptive-analytical method to examine the mechanisms of building trust, their tools and goals in the travelogue of "The Delicate of Hearts". Findings indicate that these methods of building trust, along with related tools, are reflected in various ways in this travelogue, such as: A: Transmission of visual and audio content. B: Taking care in inserting their sources and narrations. C: Creating a logical atmosphere in the process of narration and anecdote. It is worth noting that in this book, there are also news and anecdotes that the author has not presented with a reliable structure and ,therefore, lack trust-building tools. The reason for this seems to be that the author seeks to gradually gain the reader's confidence in his method of citation by providing reassuring patterns. Of course, this phenomenon is faint and the distinctive style in the Gharnati’s narrative method is the use of trust building approach.

Abstract Cohesion is marked as the prime criterion of seven-fold standard criteria that proves text comprehensively. Cohesion causes textual continuity via some tools and parallelism in which the parallelism factor entails basics (i.e., musically and grammatically) and interpretations (i.e., grammatically). The current article aims to focus on this factor with specific emphasis on these two arrangements. To follow the aim, we discussed the issues in Ashoor Al-Naji story. Following descriptive-analytical method, we underlined the prominent effect of society on the author's writing style; hence we also employed social critique analysis. The significance of the study was the notable influence of parallelism in the story, while the factor has been left unattended. In fact, the author applied parallelism at various levels in order to create regular rhythm or syntax. Indeed, textual components remain in readers' memory in virtue of parallelism factor. As a result, the author connected the textual components with each other and enhanced the impacts on readers' mind. In conclusion, this article discussed the parallelism role in this story accompanied basics and interpretations arrangements. Although we cannot ignore the importance of the basics in the story, the interpretations demonstrated more pronounced influences. The implication is that the author employed interpretations technique to organize syntactic interpretations and to achieve cohesion.

Abstract In their literary works, poets rely more on the element of place and time and the physical relationships between them and events and incidents occur in time and place in dynamic or static structure. The physical relationships between place and time in Adonis' poetry have played an important role in explaining emotions derived from the poet's sentimental and revolutionary tendencies; while enjoying aesthetic principles along with literal and figurative implications against the events of his age and society. The present study seeks to explore physical relationships between place and time in Adonis' poetic structure and its implications based on psychology while attempting to attribute it to the poet's emotions and feelings, and to adduce a variety of poetic examples of the physical relationships between place and time and the values of its manifestation and implications in poetic images. A descriptive, analytical-statistical and psychological method is used in this article. In the physical images of poetry, the poet's relish in applying the motion of place and time in his poetic context is more emphasized because spatial and temporal motion are in harmony with his Revolutionary perspective of changing and fulfilling his dream of planning for the future brilliant and a new world, and spatial and temporal motion reflect the atheist tendency of the poet, as the poet expresses his opinion about poetry by using this kind of movement; since he believes in poetry as dynamism, movement and denial of silence and solidity and he draws on the poetic image of time and place movement to depict the lost love. As the poet relies on poetic imagery of place and time to effectively stimulate the revolutionary tendency and create a living space and revitalizing life, the images of temporal motion and place in his poetry indicate the futility of being, breaking the linear time and overcoming the domination of time in the silence of space.

Abstract     Knowledge is the long-pursued objective of this research; its tool is questioning; and critical argumentation is its approach. The research avoids repetition as well as sweeping judgements; and through knowledge, it tries to diminish the old and contribute to the revelation of the new. It pursues the way of archeology of knowledge, exploring the terrain of poetic innovation as the record of critical heritageuntil the end of the Hegira fifth century, so that it might uncover unfamiliar layers. In the process, the paper hopes to address hidden subtleties and mysteries of the wonderful craft of poetry and the ultimate aims of poetic innovation. The paper focuses, in particular, on the competition among Arab poets to reach the highest degrees of the poetics, and highlights the critics’ contrastive views on the poetry of distinguished poets and their growing indebtedness to one another in their pursuit of various aspects of poetic marvels, such as charm, and wonderful eloquence.