Studies on Arabic Language and Literature

Abstract This paper deals with the rhetorical phenomenon of deviation that has acquired a significant position in western research on formal, but not content, issues. Therefore the term deviation, distance or ecart are frequently used to convey this meaning but the best known equivalent is defamiliarization. The most important element in this term is kdistancing from the familiar meaning to convey the target message. The Andalusian poet IbnKhafajahAndalusian painted an encaustic mix ofnatural colorsin an unfamiliar way for certain purposes. First, the term deviation is defined, then the concept is explored in Arabic and Western studies, then themixed nominal deviational poems of Ibn Khafajah of Andalusia are investigated. The study found that these poems reflect a superbpoetical ability in creating structure and meaning by using this technique. Examples include removing the monotony in exceptions by reshuffling the words and giving then new arrangements, foregrounding themes, and omitting verbal tools and rendering them implicit. Most cases of mixed nominal deviation involve various scenes from life such as sorrow due to the loss of a friend, heart-pain because of lack of access to a friend, or portrayal of the bravery f a rider or the nobility and generosity of a ruler.

Abstract   Over the past years poems which elaborate on syntax have had a considerable role in teaching syntax so much so that some of these poems such asAlfiaby Ibn Malek has been studied as a basic text by students for several centuries. But in the modern time and due to the availability of moderntextbooks, these works have lost their significance. By studying the method of presenting syntax and inflections in two of these collection of didactic poems and comparing the two, this research intends to point out considerable positive and negative aspects in them and, accordingly, make some suggestions about the presentational style in didactic poems, the most important of which arethe logical and educationally sound sequence of syntactic and inflectional lessons, clarity of meaning, the use of correct poetic meter, the use of expressive and easy words, focusing on relevant scientific content.

Abstract   The poem "Balqis" bears the responsibility of the technical expression and inspirational motivation with the poet's synthetic view of the disorder of the on-going reality, its fragmentation and its sharp contradictions which dig deeply in the poem and has its specialty and distinction governing the methodology of criticism of each piece of literature. This study on the poem "Balqis" from NizarQabbani tries to throw light on the stylistic features and the architecture of the poem and trace the literary and linguistic elements which are obviously recurrent in the poem. It then deals with various constructions and inspirational elements at different stylistic levels. The study tries to answer such questions as Did the poet NizarQabbani achieve his aim to express what is in his inner world by writing his poem in stanza? Was he able to break the monotony of the solo sound? Is the picture which the poet offers about his actual life different from the picture of our current reality?  

Abstract   Many different opinions about Arabic grammar and variety of grammatical types have contributed to probabilistic orientations in Arabic grammar. The dominant logic amongst grammarians, which asserts syntactic rules are not fixed and unchangeable, has supported it . Speech depends on its context in the first place and is governed by a powerful network of verbal and semantic relationships . This research puts some syntactic issues in a new perspective that are deliberated by earlier grammarians. It focuses on the motives of grammarians for probability amongst different types of syndetic structures and how language users choose the closest type to the right choice without damaging the meaning or changing the grammatical coder rules of eloquence. The article progresses in two directions: the descriptive direction, which explains probability in language and the applicative direction, which explains how grammatical and syntactic forms ar used in action so that the most preferred form which fits the meaning and intention is chosen and used. Finally, the research emphasizes the importance of employing grammatical probability in all controversial linguistic issues and the necessity to take into consideration bothh the linguistic text and the semantic context.

Abstract   Repetition is the most prominent phenomenon in poetry, especially in poems of war. This technique can create various dimensions such as beauty and spirituality. Using a descriptive-analytic method the present study compares the function of ‘repetition’ in modern Arabic and Persian poems in creating war imagery in the final quarter of the twentieth century. The study wants to answer this question: what role does the repetition technique play in creating war imagery in modern Arabic and Persian poem? The study has employed the classification system of repetition by Iraqi poet and critic, Nazek Al Malaeke. He divided repetitions into three categories: declarative repetitions, division repetitions and unconscious repetitions. The main finding of the study is that repetition appears in various types (declarative repetition, division repetition and unconscious repetition) and the poets have not applied it as superficially. Declarative repetition and unconscious repetition in Persian poems are more frequent than Arabic ones while Arab poets have applied division repetition more flexibly and strongly and Persian poets use this type of repetition only in their first stanzas. The vertical distribution of all the three categories of repetition is more frequent than its horizontal distribution, a fact which gives repetition more strength.

Abstract  Paradox is an
apparent literary contradiction which dates
back to an cientpoetry and prose, when man developed ataste for arts.
Paradox is a figure of a speech which contradicts the popular opinion
and its literal meaning is unknown to common people. The aim of its employment
is to explain the goals of a scholar or poet, thus smoothing the way for him to
effectively convey his thoughts to the reader. Paradox has been used for
centuries but it was not used in systematically enough to be regarded an
independent technique as it is today. This study discusses visual, verbal and
moral paradoxes as well as the conditions of their application as specified by
Adonis, a famous contemporary poet and scholar. The paradoxisabasiccompoundand its themeisbased on conflict. The paradoxisthe
result of ajoint actionbetween a creator and the environment in which he
creates. Adonis hastaken advantage of this phenomenon by
expressivestyle to portray his ideas in a way which is different from other people
before him. Adonisis a leadingfigure all fields of literature, poetry,
criticism andis also distinguished for using verbalandintellectualparadoxes
of optimism and pessimism. In this study, the researcher has used descriptive
and analytical methods. 

Abstract  This research aims to unveil the nature of human spirit and
reflect the transformations that took place in the Omayyad society. These
changes had a major influence on the poets’ thinking during that era. These
changes are mirrored in the deep and sophisticated thinking and self-isolation
of people, which is a significant feature of those living during the Omayyad
era. This feature is portrayed clearly through the images of fertile lands in
Al Arji’s poetry and is embedded in a deep knowledge which indicates a sense of
responsibility and going beyond the mundane and habitual. This can, in turn,
clarify the capability human beings to upgrade themselves and others. These
images have also induced human solidarity and social unity and have helped
people to obtain a determination and will which keep man attached to the land.
This research also highlights the significance of artistic images as a main
tool for the contemporary critical thinkers to understand poems and to unveil
poets’ attitudes towards life. These images are considered as an important
standard to assess the poetic experience. They also indicate the poet’s
capability in conveying knowledge and pleasure to the reader.