Studies on Arabic Language and Literature

Abstract Al khanssa's is the daughter of Amro son of Al-sharrid. Her name is
Tamador, but Al-Khanssa is her nick-name. She was born in 575A.D.she died in 24A.h. corresponing to 664A.d. Her two brothers Mouawiah and Sakhr who were killed, so that she elegized them in a lot of her poetry, thus, her poetry was a continuous anthem of grief and sadness on her two brothers especially Sakhr. Therefore, when we read her poetry book, we feel that we are in a funeral ceremony where we hear all kinds at weeping, lamentation, bemoaning, commemoration "eulogy" funeral oration" and elegizing, as if we were in front of death and fate music. Al khanssa user many styles and method that show her confirmation through(repetition, confirming by using unrestricted objet, variety of adjective, letters of inauguration and premonition annexation of a letter, confirmation by form, confirmation by negating the adjective to confirm its opposite and oath confirmation).Some other linguistic aspects that draw the attention in her poetry is interruption bringing forward and backward, eliminating, calling with imperative reply. Let's enter her apparent language that she has wanted to tell. In other word, let's have a look at her body of poetry with a variety of language, syntax and morphology just to discover her innovative soul.
  

Abstract Feminist theories were formed as a result of women's protest against their status in society. They have influenced literature and have been reflected in the works of pro-feminist writers. Formation of this movement in the West and its spread have led feminism and its theories to find their way in the East and the Arab and Islamic countries. In line with this movement and in order to spread feminist views, writers such as Nawal El Saadawi from Egypt, Ghada al-Samman and others strongly expressed their opposition regarding women’s status. On the other hand, some writers of the opposite group have tried to consciously stand against the movement that targets chastity and identity of Muslim women and eastern societies and, in the form of literary works, have challenged radical feminist viewpoints on women’s issues based on Islamic views, principles and criteria. Khawla Al-Qazwini, Kuwaiti writer, is a committed Muslim writer who seeks to criticize western feminism according to Islamic principles and using the literary genre of novel written based on the lives of people in the society. In this study, family as the main social component in the work of " Zainab bint Al-Ajaweed" was reviewed and, since woman as the main element of family formation and family is the essential basis of human society and the required factor for social dynamism and stability is stable and proper relationship between spouses and children. Using descriptive-analytical method, the way Radical feminist views are reflected and Islam's opposition to it were analyzed. One of the most important findings of the study is that all characteristics of a powerful woman influenced by true Islamic teachings of the family are portrayed in Zainab’s character and the lives of other female characters who turn away from true Islamic criteria of family, an important and fundamental institution, have been ruined. Families influenced by feminism have lost two of their vital duties: satisfying their sexual needs within a special framework and family as a center of producing offspring and education and training. This is while in Islam man and woman are considered to complement each other and it has been shown that they have equal human status.

Abstract Researchers have shown great interest in the psychoanalysis of literary works, and in this regard, many theories and schools, including the theory of Jacques Lacan, have attracted their attention. Lacan believes that the unconscious mind of man has three imaginary, symbolic and real areas, which must be examined in order to understand it. In this article, the authors intend to analyze the novel Kwabis Beirut with a descriptive-analytical approach based on Lacan's psychological theory in order to achieve a new reading of the underlying layers of the text as well as a psychological analysis of the novel's main character. One of the most important findings of the article is that the novel is completely consistent with the fields that Lacan stated for the unconscious mind, and the field where the narrator is located - that is, the battlefield - is consistent with the characteristics that Lacan described for the field symbolically mentioned. The incompatibility of the narrator with the environment, the people of the house, the region and the values ​​in the society all confirm this claim. In addition, the narrator is a psychotic person who enters the imaginary realm with the memories of his wife, but in the end, he loses the patience of the existing situation and escapes from the symbolic realm and decides to build a new life, and this new life represents the true character that he wished for.

Abstract Critical discourse analysis is a new cognitive field for challenging and exploring discourse and is a tool to achieve a full understanding of discourse, which is done by entering the hidden aspects of the text using the means and methods of analysis. The importance of critical discourse analysis lies in the fact that it integrates discourse analysis with the study of the environment that creates discourse and examines the dialectical relationship between discourse and power, and thus is an attempt to determine the ideological approach of discourse. Numerous theories have been proposed for critical analysis of discourse and related approaches, and analysts in this field, relying on a set of approaches and basic mechanisms for the final and ideal cognitive realization of this analysis, focus on the study of discourse. Norman Fairclough developed the study of critical discourse analysis by proposing contextual theory, and Laclau and Moff's critical approach is the most important approach to critical discourse analysis. The main feature of this approach is to study the roots of discourse and focus on the signs and the process of marginalizing, highlighting and crystallizing. Commentary on the study of the poetry of Ehab Shelby in this article, which critically examines the ode "Ayar Yuzhani"; The poet composed this poem on the sixth anniversary of its defeat in 2008, and the results of the research indicate that this poem is full of fragmented and floating signs that depict the negative realities of the Arab society and political conditions, and the purpose of these signs is to expose that it is a critical reality, and the centrality of its central meaning and articulation revolves around the axis of resistance, uprising, and the emphasis on the weak presence of Arab society in two different dimensions. Just as the poet marginalizes another alien and an isolated Arab who opposes uprising and mobility, he highlights the motivation and current that opposes it, by crystallizing the practice of confrontation and focusing on the sacred act of history that it can repel and expel the enemy, it does. In this regard, the contemporary Jordanian poet marginalizes another usurper and institutionalizes and emphasizes the right of the Palestinian people, denies the occupation of the land and the humiliation of its rightful owners, and ignores the Palestinian issue and the weak position of the Arab rulers Condemns occupation and rape.

Abstract Muzahem al-Ukeili is an eminent Ummayyad poet, but is unfortunately not famous. This is so probably because he abhors fame, as he continues staying in the desert with his peers, leading a simple, tranquil life that is distant from the noise of centers of literary and political activities during the Ummayyad reign. However, in the desert, and at the time Muzahem was far from fame and its appearances, he was too close to life pulses. Life in desert had availed him reasons for deep meditation of nature, and crystallized his sensitivity that made him feel its beauty. This had had an obvious impression in his poetical images, especially toward women, to the extent that his stand toward women is inseparable from his stand toward nature—the virgin nature that no human hand had ever touched!

Abstract Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī played a major pioneering role in Islamic uprising and guiding the activities of writers at the end of nineteenth century and the beginning of twentieth century. He dedicated his utmost effort to revive Islamic thought, laying the foundations for unity among all Muslims, attracting energies to resist major colonial powers and calling for adherence of Islamic countries to common principles of Islam. Among the Islamic countries, Egypt was selected by Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī as an epicenter for his political activities because of its high standing and status as well as a source of Islamic currents after remarkable political, social and literary developments took place in this country. In the literary field, writers and scholars such as Mahmoud Sami El-Baroudi and Muhammad Abduh studied under his auspices as pioneering figures, the former for modern Arabic poetry and the latter as the father of modern Arabic prose. Sami El-Baroudi developed features in modern Arabic poetry, from which we can discern the characteristics of resistance and steadfastness, which were inspired by Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī’s reformist project. Thus, the poet emerged as an Islamic fighter challenging colonialism and its lackeys in the real world, so that he was nicknamed “Lord of Sword and Pen” because of giving pulse and freshness to modern Arabic poetry as well as his mastery of martial arts. This study intended to shed light on the extent of Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī’s impact on modern poetry and literature using El-Baroudi''''s poetry as the research subject. This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and yielded the following results. The recovery and transition of modern Arabic poetry from stagnation, emotionlessness and superficiality to strength, vitality and subjectivity is not dependent only on French influence and thereby its contact with the features of European literature but rather indebted to the attempts of Islamic leaders and thinkers such as Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī and his followers in various Islamic countries from the river to the sea. Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī’s call focused on two important elements, namely preservation of Islamic authenticity and modernity. The features of this pioneering role are represented in Mahmoud Sami El-Baroudi’s poetry, including defending oppressed peoples, urging them to acquire modern sciences and to avoid idleness and humiliation, unveiling the real face of colonizers and their conspiracies, and inviting Muslim rulers to establish justice, confirming the impact of scholars and intellectuals in determining the fate of Islamic community under the influence of Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī’s thoughts.

Abstract In an ST-oriented translation, the translator tries to avoid changes. One of the translation changes is the homogenization that Antoine Berman refers to in his analytical model, which is the unification of the textural diversity of the origin. One of the translations that is most careful in preserving the differences of similar verbal verses is Rezaei Esfahani's translation. Comparative studies in this field have indicated that this translation is more successful than other translations in this field. The present article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, examines the translation of similar verbal verses in terms of preserving subtle differences between them and studies the homogenization causes in the translation of these verses. The conclusion of this study is that the main reason of homogenization in translating similar verbal verses is the structural differences between Arabic and Persian. Some of these reasons are: the conformity of the adjective with the noun, derivation, transitive verb by the preposition, relative pronoun, the reduction and the gender. The variety of synonyms and letters in Arabic are the other factors of homogenization in Persian translation. This research shows that Rezaei Esfahani has consciously homogenized in cases where a phrase in one verse has been mentioned and, in another verse, has been omitted, and the translator has mentioned the deleted phrase in parentheses, according to the other verse.