Studies on Arabic Language and Literature

Abstract This research paper studies the collocation lexicalization in medium sized monolingual dictionaries as an attempt to combine theorization and practice of contemporary lexicography. Theorization، or the theoretical part of the research، is dedicated to study collocations definition، aspects and types.          To achieve this target، the paper focuses on the theoretical aspect of collocations regarding institutional lexicons (collaborative work) as exemplified in al-Muʿğam al-Wasīṭ of Cairo Academy of the Arabic Language and the Basic Arabic Dictionary published by the Arab League of Education، Culture and Science Organization (ALESCO). The paper depends on studying individually collected lexicons of Al- Munğid bz Louis Maʿlūf and Al-Rāʾd by Ğubrān Masʿūd as applied examples on the practical level.

Abstract Historical literature in Indonesia has indicated that it has been influenced in ages by foreign literature, especially Arabic literature. However, this perspective requires more evidence, therefore it could indicate the validity of the influence of old Indonesian literature by Arabic literature and in several aspects. This study intends to reveal the influence of old Indonesian literature by Arabic literature through the poetry of Hamzah Fansuri, a very famous Sufi poet from Aceh. Hamzah Hansuri is known as a follower of the Wahdatul concept pioneered by Ibn Arabi. He is a scholar who first introduced the form of poetry in Malay literature. In composing his verses, it is indicated indicates that they were influenced by Arabic literature. Through a comparative literary study between Arabic literature and Indonesian literature, it can be concluded that the poetry composed by Hamzah Fansuri is influenced by Arabic literature’s aspect, such as terms of language, form and content. From the language aspect, Hamzah Fansuri's verses contain a lot of Arabic vocabularies, most of which have been adapted into Indonesian such as thalib, ghaib, taib, syair, madah,i’tiqad ect. From the form’s aspect, Hamzah Fansuri’s verses indicate several elements in Arabic literature, such as ‘arūḍ, qāfiyah, balāgah, iqtibās, and others. On the content basis, Hamzah Fansuri’s verses are influenced by various kinds of Arabic Sufism, such as Ibn Arabi and others. Thus, Hamzah Fansuri also proved well many innovations in his verses, either the form or content according to Indonesian’s context.

Abstract The collage technique, which is difficult to use in the novel due to the structural differences between the visual arts and the novel, was considered in the postmodern novel. Is a technical collage created by French artists following the modern trends of the second half of the twentieth century, after the end of the First and Second World Wars? When were legal and human concepts and justice weakened? This technique was also used in the postmodern Arabic novel and caused the description and reduction of the dominance of the event and the character in the novel to the extent that the element of place became a dynamic and basic element in the narrative. In such a case, the novel was formed from scattered visual images, which leads to the creation of a collage-like and fragmented narrative, and offers a new form of drawing and modernist narrative. Given the formation of such a style, this study seeks to investigate this narrative technique in the Alexandrian novel by Adwar al-Kharat, a powerful and late Egyptian writer. The result shows that Atrat Kharat has created a modernist novel in which the element of description has been used more than the element of narrative. Those diverse and contradictory collage descriptions in such a way that the protagonist is a spatial subject and not a human figure. This style has led to the domination of the personal and emotional aspect in the novel and broke the element of time and not using linear time.

Abstract Undoubtedly, communicative implication is one of the most prominent concepts in new applied modern linguistic research in the West. The communicative implication has highlighted the miraculous aspects of the Holy Qur'an, and its importance is manifested in the interpretation of the Qur'anic compositions and its relation to the present. It seems necessary to make a comparative analysis of the theory of communicative implication in the light of the story of Zakaria and Maryam (peace be upon them) in Surahs of Al-e-Imran and Maryam, and the reason for choosing these two stories is that they are based on the most expressive and fascinating Qur'anic stories in extraordinary adventures. Their approach, style and educational teachings have a great impact on the behavior of the audience, the absorption of ideas and guidance of human beings. Since moral-educational teachings in the form of stories always affect the audience more than other writings, as a result, God - the Exalted - has placed the story as persuasion and influence in the Qur'an and at the same time, he has presented his reasons and arguments to the deniers and polytheists. Based on the principle of Grace's cooperation, the present study has achieved the following results: Ten conversations in the two mentioned stories have deviated from real meanings to secondary meanings in accordance with one of Grace's four principles and using demonstratives, semantics and expressions; Until the dignity, the answer to the prayer of Zakaria (AS) and the gift of a child to him in old age, despite the infertility of his wife, the miraculous birth of Jesus (AS) and the innocence of Mary (AS) from the ugly words attributed to her by her people to be revealed. Deviation from the principle of quantity and quality is one of the most frequent types of communicative implication in the dialogues of two stories.

Abstract Polyphony in literary criticism was first introduced by the Russian theorist Mikhail Bakhtin. And in the second half of the twentieth century, it began with a study of Dostoevsky's novels through which Bakhtin discovered the foundations of freedom of expression. And the rule of the hegemonic system denied the third-person narrator. These bases include: Polyphony and Hetero glossia. And multilingualism is divided into components such as: Hybridation, Stratification, Parody, Dialogic Genre, Special dialogues. Because polyphony has prevailed in the novel Al-Diwan al-Isberti, this novel is written by in Algeria novelist. This article was reviewed by descriptive-analytical method. Al-Issawi illustrated all the political and social events using the five fictional characters of the novel, the history of the islands from 1815 to 1833. Some of these characters are taken from real people of that period. With these phone, he narrates the events of Ottoman domination and French colonization. The novel won the Booker Prize for Arabic Novel in 2020. Al-Issawi chose polyphony for this novel to quote history from several perspectives. The most important results obtained from this study are the existence of the literary pen of the novel. In the dialogism, there is a mixture of the hybrrization component, and a little parody, and there is also the dialogic genre and hetero glassia. The study of this fusion has generally been less considered by researchers in a text.

Abstract This research deals with the irony as a social mediator, a mechanism aimed at communicating the social reform messages. This mechanism has been considered by many contemporary Arab researchers. This theoretical research, has explored Irony from a perspective of reception theory and analyzed the components of this theory and its concepts, and their compatibility with Irony's elements. It also focuses on verbal communication to understand irony and its types and analyze the elements of perception. This study considers the criterion of ironic perception as the recipient's mastery of the general subject of the message; Because until the recipient manages to understand the general subject or ironic situation, he will not be able to understand the original meaning and concept of irony, so he will simply fall victim to irony.
Finally, the receiving process benefits from certain types of irony, because this process requires the presence of the written text and its reading, and this is something that does not exist in all types of irony. This study considers Irony as a tool to convey the author's reformist goals, which is achieved through the interaction between the recipient and the text. We recognize the author's priority in making and promoting Irony, because the author must consider himself a hypothetical reader in order to succeed in Irony. The creator of Irony provides the reader with the opportunity to achieve the best and most obvious results by creating textures and tools as well as a purposeful technical structure.

Abstract Images are an important educational tool in textbooks because they play a significant role in enhancing student learning in the content of the book and also have a direct role in facilitating the teaching of the course content. Many researchers in the field of education pay close attention to the coherence between the images and the texts of the book because the more the relationship and coherence between images and text increase, the better the level of teaching and learning process will be. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between images and text of first grade Arabic textbooks based on three levels of "Warsh and Mite" classification. The present study population is all images of Arabic textbooks in the first year of high school, and the research sample consists of 470 images with text that have been purposefully selected; the research method is content analysis. Findings indicate that most of the images of Arabic books of the junior high school are related and coherent with the texts of the book with 85.74% of the cases. This is due to the authors' great attention to the importance of the relationship between image and text, given the significant effect of the coherence between images text in enhancing the process of interaction between teacher and students as well as improving their cognitive aspect; of these, 14.25% (equivalent to 67 images) cover incomplete text content. These images have a decorative function and do not have a positive effect on the understanding of educational texts. The reason can be found in the fact that these images are sometimes unclear or incomplete, so that only a small or simple part of the content of the text such as the characters of the text, the process of action and communication between the characters, places, icons, or signs are covered by these images.