Studies on Arabic Language and Literature

Abstract This study aims to examine Abd Al-Qahir Jurjani's theory from a phenomenological perspective. Because it can be acknowledged that his theory should be studied, not because it was the first in many respects, but because it is still working. It seems that this theory contains evidence of what the phenomenologists are currently searching for, especially with regard to the issue of interaction between the text and the reader, as well as the issue of ambiguity. The study relies on the descriptive-analytical method, using the views of phenomenologists such as Roman Ingarden and Wolfgang Iser. Among the results of this research, we can mention Abd al-Qahir's sharing with Ingarden about the importance of the reader's response to the text and the dialogue relationship between them, and his similarity with Iser in inviting the reader to actively participate and reconstruct the text.

Abstract Arabic and English languages resemble each other not only in many linguistic characteristics but also in all aspects. This can be ascribed to their belonging to the same linguistic family that they can even be deemed as two dialects of a single old language. Therefore, the comparative lesson seeks to deduce inherent rules that are conducive to the service of both languages. The importance of such rules comes from their ability to settle controversial issues which has remained for years as speculations and analyses far from the linguistic reality. In addition to what Hebrew language offers, both politically and religiously, since the deliberative studying of which reveals the intellectual and humanitarian dimension of its user. So, there are research in two levels of the lingual lesson: the lexicon and semantics levels by  studying common words phonetically، which change by the cross-use، circulation semantic so  moved auctioneering or expanded or upgraded or degenerated، and this is Because the inevitability of verbal participation in the languages ​​that should interact with each other thereby creating this interaction phenomena of language does not know what they were، unless we search for assets in the original language that made them.

Abstract The rhythm and music of utterances, words and sentences and harmony of phrases is called "iqa'a".Iqa'a plays such a prominent role in creating an atmosphere for ayat and their coherence that the coordination among the atmosphere of ayat and the iqa'a of words and their meanings is regarded as a wonder of the Quran, which lends beauty to this holy book. Accordingly, it can be said that iqa'a and its different kinds have a vital role in enriching the music and meaning of ayat, especially in depicting the emotional and spiritual atmosphere pervading the Quran and it is seen that depending on the context of ayat, this element sometimes paints a peacefully pleasant picture and at times a harsh and difficult one. As the longest Quranic tale, Moses' (a.s) story is about the prophethood of this prophet in the land of Tawa, which has been mentioned in different surahs in short in Surah Taha in detail. . Using an analytical-descriptive method, this paper tries to trace iqa'a and its denotations in the story of Moses' (a.s) prophethood and thus explain iqa'a and its denotations corresponding to the atmosphere of the descent of the Quran. The results show that, iqa'a in these ayat varies from one condition to another; it is intense at times and calms at other times, and sometimes it is quick and slows at other times, but iqa'a in this surah is predominantly calm because although a big and formidable event has happened to Moses (a.s) in this land both in terms of accepting the weighty responsibility of divine prophethood and the difficulty of Pharaoh's invitation, the arrangement of letters, movements and distances of ayat have created an atmosphere of peace and pleasantness for him so that this burden and difficulty are reduced.

Abstract This research deals with the cut-off term grammatically. That term has been repeated in Arabic grammar and prosody sciences. The research tries to trace the cut-off term in grammar, stopping at four types: cut-off in exception, cut-off in addition, cut-off in the predicate invalidators, and cut-off in dependencies. The research found that the cut-off in the exception is in the intermittent exception, in which the exception was not some of the exempted from it. The research stopped at the tools that are used for the intermittent exception. As for cutting off in the addition, after the research clarified the meaning of the addition, it examined what is permissible to cut off from the verbal addition, not in the meaning, then the research looked at the nouns that are not in adverbs and explained their provisions in terms of the cut off, so the words each and some - for example - may be cut off from the addition in a word not in meaning, provided that they do not occur as an affirmation. The research also dealt with the cut-off toward elevation in the predicate invalidators, and discussed what was mentioned in the grammar books about the grammatical evidences in this section. Finally, the research ends with the study of the cut-off in the Followers, which is well-known and common in the grammar, and less common in the grammatical substitution and grammatical conjunctions. The research studied and discussed each of them, trying to show the cut off term in grammar.

Abstract The element of hyperbole in mutanabbi ҆s poem as one of the pioneers of poetry in Arabic literature assumes a unique status in his poems. His hyperboles are for the most part closely related to his personality, some of which have originated from the environmental pressures that undermined his soul. Considering the wide usage and the psychological contributions of this element in persuading the reader, it might be essential to delve into his poetic style to obtain some information concerning his mentality and his literary expertise. Using modern psychological principles regarding the analysis of human personality and Psychological analytic method, we have attempted to discover the relationship between Mutanabbi’s psychological impetus and using hyperbole, its symptoms as well as the role of nurture. One of the outcomes of this study deals with Mutanabbi’s psychological impetus, his literary approaches, and mentality in using hyperbole. We were finally convinced that the employment of hyperbole influences and determines not only the content but also the means of expression in literary works, both texts and poems. Therefore, psychological intrigues are an important source of literary approaches regarding both the content, language, and the means of expression.

Abstract Islamism in the literature is an independent school that followed the publication of Western literary schools in Islamic countries. In this school the poet looks at the universe and humanbeings from the Islamic point of view. He believes that the only alternative way of solving all social and individual crises is found in following the Islamic teachings. Ma'moun Jarrar (1949), the Palestinian poet, received the effectiveness of such approach to create his own poems. For The importance of this stream in the literary field, this study tries and is based on the descriptive-analytical approach to review the Islamic trends in the poetry of Mamoun Jarrar. The poet’s reliance on “Islamic” principles in his treatment of various social and political issues is one of the most important characteristics of his poetry. His review of the Palestinian issue with a religious connotation, the lament of the entire Islamic nation, the desire to adhere to the Islamic teachings to revive the religious culture, and his extensive use of Quranic intertextuality and prophetic hadith in all its poetic contents, all this clearly indicates the extent of the poet’s commitment to Islamic principles in his poetry.

Abstract The intention of the guillotine in the use of language in a discourse has an influential role so that the sender in choosing the strategy of his discourse and the receiver in understanding that discourse, pay attention to it in a specific context. Semantics and receiving the speaker's intention are the main and effective elements in pragmatics; because this theory of linguistics in the analysis of a discourse deals with its three pillars (sender, sent and receiver). The present study, relying on the intention and purpose of Amir al-Mo'menin (AS) in the verbal actions of his letters to Mu'awiyah, seeks to understand the meanings of the letters and discover his strategy in leading the audience to perform or leave an action. In fact, speech actions are one of the most important axes and tools of language application that the sender uses to achieve his discourse goals. In addition, speech actions in the form of news, descriptive and compositional sentences. And an action affects its audience and consequently changes the outside world. Therefore, this article examines the letters of Imam by descriptive-analytical method in extracting samples and analyzing them and relying on the views of Austin and Searle in the theory of speech actions. The achievements of this research are that Imam has used indirect actions in the discussion of speech actions and the implicit strategy appears in it and in persuasion action uses the condition of lexical concussion and social domination to change the theologian's positions.