Studies on Arabic Language and Literature

Abstract This article is based on the novel, (the Origin And Descent) by the Palestinian author, Sahar Khalifa. The novel rarrates the story of a great Palestinian family, parallel with and consistant with the history of Palestine at the beginning of the 20 th century, when the ottoman empire collapsed, the British mandate came in place, and the Zionist regime appeared. The story forms along major elements: 1) the narrator and the narrative: the first tale which is narrated by scheherazade the second tale, the tale of Exadus, which is the tale of the daughter of the family, wedad and the third tale which is the tale of two boys, Vahid and Amin and 2) the setting of the story – the time and the place, and the story is a tale of a place.

Abstract This article deals with the deviation of verbs from the canonical
Tense. This phenomenon is now of much significance from linguists and people concerned with stylistics. This stylistic strategy used by poets and authors has aesthetic and rhetorical dimensions in which they want to impress their audience by going against the accepted syntactic norms. Deviating from the normal usage causes the verbs to convey meanings different from what they appear to convey. So, we consider this phenomenon in the light of contemporary syntactic and rhetorical research, acknowledging that there are alternative terms for it. We will also specify the different forms and realizations of this phenomenon. It is a syntactic and rhetorical process which materializes one of the potentials of Arabic language, I,e., its ability to convey multiple meanings. This is a process in which the language usage goes against the norms of language and this deviation can be discovered by linguists when they examine the linguistic product.

Abstract Jews lived with the Muslim Arabs in Islamic Andalusia for more than eight hundred years, in which and studied in the Islamic institutes and universities beside Muslims there. So, the Arabic culture has its influence on the Jewish intellectual life. In our study we try to unveil the effect of the Arabic linguistic thought on the linguistic thought of Andalusian Jews during that period. We have considered the "Allamaa" book by Marwan Ibn Janah as an example that sheds light about this effect so we can prove by clear evidence that the Jewish scholars didn't have creative thoughts as Jews pretend. They were copiers of the Muslims thinkers and scholars, and were affected by their thoughts to a great deal.

Abstract The main topic of this article is description of nature by two poets from two different schools named Saffi Aldine Helly and William wordsworth. Saffi Aldine Helly is the most famous poet in the degeneration age in Iraq or Mamluki period in Sham (Syria) and Egypt, and William Wordsworth is the pioneer of Romanticism in Britain.
At the beginning of this article, there is a brief summary of both poets, lives, literary characteristics of their ages and different methods to describe the nature. Saffi Aldine Helly is well known for the use of samples of expression to illustrate his imaginations. He uses nature to praise kings and other natural events, but William Wordsworth considers nature as a necessity of his being, like that of a mulberry leaf to the silk worm. Another difference between them is their poetic attitudes toward nature. Saffi Aldine Helly has got a superficial attitude while Wordsworth’s attitude is philosophical.
In this article three ballades of both poets are analyzed in terms of words, meanings, structure and eloquence And similarities and differences are compared. It is concluded that one can compare poems with similar contents but different methods in different ages.

Abstract Contemporary poets have employed all their literary devices to add creativity to their work . defamilian zation in text shape is one such device to break away from familiar writing conventions and create new implication. This device is also considered in modern stylistic studies. In this technique the author tries to create new images and can achieve the goal in different ways: 1) disrupting the physical form of the words, 2) using unfamiliar arrangements and spacing of words in the poetic texts, 3) mixing the text with words and phrases from other languages, 4) employing different shapes and graphic devices in the body of the poems. This study shows that modern poets mix linguistic content with visual effects to create particular messages and implications. However, this technique sometimes does not add to the beauty of the poem but detract from its value making it banal.

Abstract Contemporary literary criticism has resort to modern western methods such as formalism, structuralism, and trends which were later incorporated like stylistics and analytical studies. This has had an influence on literary and critical studies.in this study we are interested in a type of stylistic investigation which uses analytical linguistic techniques for analyzing literary styles following scientific schools of thoughts and methods. The vocabulary and word reservoir of a poet or an author are among the most distinctive features of a literary style. So, investigating that vocabulary guides us in knowing the characteristics of a style. That vocabulary shows the character of a literary person. The variety in words used by an author is one of stylistic feature the study of which in a certain texts can help answer the following three questions based on statistical data:
1. Which text manifest a certain type of vocabulary
2. How did the author used this variety of words in creating his works.
3. Can we come to other conclusions by examining some patterns in the words
This research used statistical data to reach scientific and exact conclusions. We introduce a statistical method for assessing variety of words and investigate samples of writings by Khlill Jibran, Manfaluti and Reyhani. We also achieved other results based in word patterns. But the most important results are: Jibran showed the highest variety (%43) and Reyhani showed the least (%35). Manfaluti falls in between (%38). We also understood that the repetition if some words reveals some of the thoughts, personality, and style of an author to a large extent, without knowing that author in a precise way if we are familiar with that author, we can see how successful he is in expressing his beliefs in the literary work.

Abstract The events in Rowing in the Mud is taken from contemporary historical realities and its characters are in deploable condithion. They are lost in mud after victory. The research reveal that first person narrator doratails with thirth person in the conveying and its characters are in deplorable condition. They are lost in mud after victory. The research reveal that first person narrator doretails with third person in the conveying and development of events in the story, whether the other person is with a friendly or enemical attitude. This means that the novel manifests a permanent internal challenge and represents an indefeatable resistance and persistence in the face of others. The images of confrontation with others includes the images of rerolutionaries facing the occuplers, the interaction of self and others. The relationship between Assaf and Zahira, Franjieh child and Assaf and Assaf s sympathy with rivals. This research revolves around four themes: 1) the narrative discourse, 2) The narrative of the other, 3) the other as an enemy and, 40 the other as a friend.