In the new approach, metaphor is not merely a linguistic act; rather, it can serve as an important structure with ideological effects in discourse. In this way, an author sometimes demonstrates the ideological significance of a word or phrase through its metaphorical use. Therefore, identifying the metaphors employed in a text and delving into their underlying layers can aid in recognizing the ideological dependencies of that text's discourse. Charteris-Black, in his book "Critical Metaphor Analysis: A Cognitive-Corpus Approach" (2004), first introduced the theory of critical metaphor analysis. He outlines three criteria levels for defining metaphor: the linguistic level, the pragmatic level, and the cognitive level. Lakoff and Johnson, in their book "Metaphors We Live By" (1980), proposed the conceptual metaphor theory based on the cognitive role of metaphor. They categorized metaphors into three types: structural, orientational, and ontological metaphors. In the novel "Al-Jazieh & Al-Darvish" by Abdul Hamid benhedouga, various metaphors are employed. Thus, the aim of the present research is to analyze the quality of metaphor expression in the aforementioned novel in a way that reveals or encourages the ideological dependencies of its discourse. The results of the investigations, utilizing a descriptive-analytical method and moving from recognition to situational context and intertextual context while establishing a connection between the text and the background knowledge, indicate that Abdul Hamid benhedouga, through the use of metaphors, intends to express ideologies of insight, authenticity, resilience, connection to the essence, rejection of retrogression, love for the homeland, and the decay of society as a result of political instability.
Keywords: Conceptual metaphor; novel “Al-Jazieh & Al-Darvish”; Abdul Hamid benhedouga; Charteris-Black, Lakoff and Johnson.
 
 
Extended summary
 

Introduction

 Metaphor in modern scientific methodology is not merely a linguistic expression; it represents an important structure with ideological implications in discourse. The writer reveals the ideological significances of a word or phrase by employing it metaphorically. The metaphors used in a text, which penetrate its internal layers and seep into them, can aid in understanding the ideological connections of the discourse within that text.In his book “Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis” (2004), Charteris-Black presented the theory of critical metaphor analysis for the first time at three levels: the linguistic level, where metaphor is considered a word or phrase that generates semantic tension through embodiment and personification, as well as de-personification; the functional level; and the cognitive level.George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, in their book “Metaphors We Live By” (1980), explained their theory regarding the cognitive and substantive roles of metaphor, which they termed conceptual metaphor. They categorized metaphors into three parts: structural metaphors, orientational metaphors, and ontological metaphors. Abdelhamid ben Hadouga, a contemporary Algerian writer, utilized metaphor in the discourse of his novel “Al-Jaziyah and the Darvishes” to express the ideology he aspires to, implicitly and subtly influencing the opinions of society and its culture. In this novel, Ben ben Hadouga employed various metaphors to articulate his objectives and present his ideas using symbolic language, all of which are characterized by ideological significance.
 

Materials & Methods

This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach within the framework of conceptual metaphor as introduced by Lakoff and Johnson in their works. It is based on the methodology presented by Charteris-Black, titled “Critical Metaphor Analysis,” to analyze the metaphors found in the novel “Al-Jaziyah and the Darvishes” by Algerian author Abdelhamid Ben Hadouqa.
To identify the metaphor present in the discussed novel, this study utilizes the Charteris-Black model at three levels: the linguistic level, where metaphor is identified as a word or phrase that creates semantic tension through embodiment, personification, and de-personification; the pragmatic level; and the cognitive level. Additionally, it employs the classifications by Lakoff and Johnson which categorize metaphors into three types: orientational, ontological, and structural. This approach demonstrates how metaphor underscores the author’s ideology and socio-cultural perspective, allowing him to persuade his audience, influence their opinions, and engage them in judgment and thought alongside him
 

Research findings

This study reveals that Ben Hadouqa employs multiple metaphors to represent the ideological dependencies of the discourse in his novel “Al-Jaziyah and the Darvishes.” He highlights the necessity of vigilance through the use of the directional metaphor of uprising against stagnation and by embodying the abstract concept of vigilance. In the metaphor of escaping from roots, which is a type of ontological metaphor, he personifies the tree and emphasizes the idea that denial of foundational truths and escape from authenticity is impossible. The ontological metaphor of “the Aleph means to achieve freedom” aims to convey the cultural knowledge of resilience. Additionally, in the metaphor of providing roots to individuals and their thoughts, which is also an ontological metaphor, he employs de-personification to influence the audience. By utilizing the structural metaphor of drowning the past, he makes the concept of the past comprehensible and organizes it within the framework of objectification. The metaphor of considering dreams as buildings is another instance of a structural metaphor that embodies the abstract concept of dreams, imagining it as a construction that must be built brick by brick. Furthermore, the ontological metaphor of the circularity of the poets’ association not only enhances the formal and expressive beauty of the text and stimulates the audience’s emotions, but it also introduces the changing nature of influential political and social figures as a factor contributing to the instability and unrest in Algeria through de-personification and the use of simile.
 

Discussion of Results & Conclusion

 The novel presents the cultural and social perspective of its author, Ben Hadouga, towards the reality of Algeria. He employs various types of metaphors—directional, structural, and ontological—to express his ideology and worldview while establishing a cultural model in the minds of his readers. The author exploits the denotative power of these metaphors to shape the consciousness of his audience and influence their behavior towards achieving his goals. One key finding is that through the metaphor of uprising versus stagnation, he expresses the necessity of awareness and action for the liberation of Algeria. In the metaphor of the tree escaping from its roots, he conveys that fleeing from authenticity is impossible. Moreover, in the metaphor of “A” as a means to reach freedom, he depicts it as a force leading its possessor to independence, symbolizing integrity and resilience. He asserts that perseverance is formed through authenticity and a return to it by rooting ideas and individuals. To express the necessity of rejecting the regressive past, he uses the metaphor of drowning the past
In the metaphor of building dreams in the homeland, he illustrates the need for loving one’s country and constructing the Algerian state by its people, while the metaphor of the circularity of the union reflects the instability of the political situation in Algeria.