Studies on Arabic Language and Literature

Abstract Ibn- Hishām , in his book entitled Moqni Al-Labib, employs a procedure unprecedented in works before this book, e.g., his critique of the ideas by all syntactic schools . It is noteworthy that he does not confine his work to syntactic ideas he also enquires into many rhetorical issues. He comments on the views of many experts on syntax and rhetoric, endorsing some of them , rejecting others . He is Particularly and unconventionally eritical of the syntactic and rhetorical ideas expressed by Abu Hayyan , accusing him of not Knowing anything of rhetoric . Abu Hayyan's rhetorical views on "metaphor" , "tropes" , and "hyperbole" , as Found in his work entitled Al-Bahr Al-Muhit , rare not only at variance with Ibn- Hishām's judgement of him but also underscore the fact that Abu Hayyan was a master of rhetoric . This article is an appraisal of Ibn- Hishām's criticism of Abu Hayyan .

Abstract This article inbestigates some of the phonological processes which are mentioned by SÄ«bawayh . Phonological Processes include two types: Phonetic and stylistic . The former type is of primary importance and includes:

Pause: This arhcle provides the basic principles and rules for this prosess according to SÄ«bawayh whether a pause is accompanied by letter addition or not and whether it is accompanied by a long vowel or by a colsonant .

Emāleh, which is a kind of assimilation and of two types according to Sībawayh , one regular and frequent and another irregular and in frequent . The article , then , turns to different positions for Emāleh and its behavior in relation to "defective" letters on the one hand and in relation to "r" sound on the other . Assimialtion and dissimilation : These are phonological processes which follow their own particular rules . Sībawayh did not use a particular label for either of these two but used the inclusive term ibdāl (commutation) for both processes . He explained partial and total assimilations . and divided them in to progressive and retrogressive types . He also elaborated on dissimilation and explained how it differs from assimilation . He believed that dissimilar letters were more frequent than Similar Ones. The article concludes with a summary of the discussed issues .

Abstract Probably one of the most difficult tasks of scholars in range of figures of speech – a distinctive feacture characterizing the literary taste of this period . Opinions of experts in the area of figurative language differe concerning the number , names , and kinds of the figures . They also disagree over the role and significance of figures of speech in literary creation . Thisarticle is on attempt at accounting for these differences in opinion by comparing the most impotant works which have dealt with this area of literature . Some of the important topics in rhetoric and figurative language , which are in much disarray and difficult to tackle , have also been dealt with.

Abstract Semiotics has experienced many developments in the final decades of the twentieth century , espeually in connection with the intended meaning in contemporary poetry . This has led to several schemes in the scholarly study of literary texts either in formal aspects or in its content and purposes . Of Course , the intended meaning present in the deep structures should never be distorted or sacrificed in the course of any kind of interpretive procedure . Therefore , the critical study of intention in the contemporary poetry is one of the important issues in literary criticism which modern scholars have dealt with in their interpretation of signs in literary texts using semiotic approaches without destroying the Arabic identity of poems . The suggested opproach to interpretation dose not reduce literary criticism to more reference to science and fidds of knowledge nor confines it to any particular frame of reference but opens up the text to different domains of knowledge dding to its tolerance of various views and understandings . New text analytical approaches are critical procedureswhich allow for different outlooks in the examination of modern Arabic texts both at theoretical and applied levels . This article intends to emphasize the significance of the semiotic method in the study of modern Arabic texts and exposes the most important challenges in modern poetry , especially in connection with the differences among the critics about the literary productions . It also tries to explain the methods of analysis both at the formal level and content level for reaching sound interpretation .

Abstract   The personality of al-Motanabbi and Sa'di has been one of the most in fluential factors affects their tendency toward moral teaching in two ways : First , it causes their tendency toward moral education and advice second , they choose advice and moral remarks suited to their own characters .  The findings of this study suggest that al-Motanabbi and Sa'di are quite distinct and even contradictory in their character and ethical system . While al-Motanabbi is proud , pessimistic , and religiously fragile , Sa'di is humble , optimistic and steadfastly religious . Probe into the characters of these two poets shows the difference between laudation and moral teaching , althougt they have several characteristics in common , such as the contradiction between their words and conduct and production of some rough and impertinent lines of poetry . Finally , the difference between these two poets of morality surfaces in their choice of topics . For example , al-Motanabbi pays more heed to courage and valour than Sa'di , while Sa'di's interest in courtesy and humbleness is in contrast with al-Motanabbi lukewarm attention to these issues .  Moreover , unlike Sa'di , al-Motanabbi never deals with such issues as fruguality , farness , arrogance , and selfishness . 

Abstract  Following the Flourishing of the "translation movement" during Abasid period , there was a rise in the use of scientific terms in poetry . Poets such as al-Motanabbi , Abu Tammam , al-Múarri and Abul Fath al-Basti used scientific expressions in their poetry because of their acquaintance with scientific Fields . As  al-Múarri enjoyed vost knowledge of various scientific fields , he generously used many terms from those fields in his work especially in his Luzumiyat (Unnecessary Necessities) . An upsurge in the use of these terms met the miyed reaction of the critics and scholars . Some lauded this Practice some expressed their disapproval . However , it seems the critics have failed to consider the aesthetic aspedts of these terms and expressions in Múarri's poetry . Obviously , investigation into these expreosions and communicative signs reveals the poet's ideas . Moreover , it shows the depth of his familiarity with scientific domains and richness of his poetry . The present article embarks on or investigation into the use of syntactic morphological and metrical terms by this poet , a task which he accomplished in a subtle and artistic way . It is dUe to this subtlety that understandiy his intended meaning takes the reader much reflection and contemplation on these terms in the Luzumiyat . 

Abstract   This article attempts to describe lexical alterations which occur in Arabic poetry and prose and in the Holy Qur á n and are common in Arabic language . Sometimes , a morphological item takes up the syntactic and semantic features of another morphological formation . The present article explores the alternations which occurs across subjective , objective and infinitive derivatives , using many examples . It deals with following cases :subjective nouns for infinitive meanings infinitives as subjective nounsinfinitives taking the formal features of simple adjectives or emphatic adjectivesobjective nouns for infinitives meanings  The article conclude that alternation plays an important role in the extension of the usage of morphological formations and hence contributes to the expression of secondary meanings . This grammatical process produces Various meanings and operates on different kinds of mechanisms . 

Abstract This article enquires in to the uses of lam(not) and lamma (not yet) in the Holy Qurán . It does so by delving in to the meanings of lam and lamma and their different types and uses in the Qurán , providing the views of the scholors about their grammatical effects , describing the syntactic position of the sentences negativized by lam and lamma and giving the counts for differential positions of lam and lamma in the Holy Qurán . The reader will become familiar with different types of lam and lamma and their uses . In this article , we deal with all issues arising for lam and lamma in the Holy Qurán , describing the methodology used by scholors of syntax and Quránic interpreters sometimes agree and sometimes disagree on these issues .