Studies on Arabic Language and Literature

Abstract Linguistic extras may include nouns, verbs and letters. These phenomena show how splendor and beauty of language can realize take different aspects, including grammar, rhetoric and spelling. The script of the Qur'an displays this phenomenon, prompting some to the alleged error in its writing. However, this study has shown that the writing of the Qur'an has been affected by linguistic and historical causes, including the ancient calligraphy and vocal, musical effects and differences between the appearance of words, and multiple readings of the Qur'an. This article aims to explore the issue of extra characters in the formulation of the Qoran and reveal its causes and purposes in Osman Taha script through a descriptive analysis.

Abstract One Function which is frequently Has about ten different Functions or meanings. Arabic Fi (في) used in ancient and modern texts is its distinctive function. But there is no reference to those sources. Fi in this function accompanied with a verb or a psuedo-verb showing similarity or contrast and the complement of Fi is usually a general noun or a noun attached to such a noun. Our evidence for this claim includes the presence of many instances, the use of some verbs both for distinctive and non- distinctive purposes, and the existence of such usage in Persian language for preposition Dar, and in English language for preposition “in” which is an equivalent of Fi. An important conclusion if this article is the specification of a new(در)
Meaning for Fi and elaboration on the subtle nuances for this preposition.

Abstract Almost all researchers dealing with derivation of words in Arabic refer to ibn Fares’s work in etymologizing multi-letter words. Considering this issue, ibnu Fares stated the following: "We think that most multi-lettered words are contaminated". However, the rest of those words, which are a minority according to him, are considered either affixated words derived from trilaterals by adding one or more letters, three- or four-lettered words originally spoken the way they are since their origin.  
This research considers ibn fares’s approach as a theory and attempts to confirm or refute it through investigating the multi-lettered words in his dictionary "Maqayis AL Lugati". The research also tries to show the imperfection of ibn fares’s judgment, but at the same time it gives him the credit for his ideas, had they not been ignored by the former linguists, they would have opened new horizons in the field of derivation and etymology in Arabic.

Abstract This study provides a reading in simile from its linguistic structural point of view in Abdul- Kader Al-Jerjani, showing its linguistic elements when the "compose a special kind of writing", and form a specified linguistic rhythm, that leads it to wholeness of writing, in linking between the grammatical and rhetoric.
The study discussed the pictorial imagery with inditing , with the form of its linguistic structure, so it was found that it performs special functions, such as:
It identifies the limits between a rhetoric form and another, especially metaphor, that is in the scope of the similar, and it identifies the type of simile it distinguish between one form and another, and from it in simile is discovered the same complicated kind that is spread on a wide aligning space.
After that the research with Abdul Kaher studied the most important elements of building simile, its linguistic and semantic secrets with a focus on "the simizlied" and "simile tool".

Abstract The conscious narrative studies of narratives emerged from the critical research of the Russians structuralists in the mid-twentieth century. This research pushed the critic Todorov to define narratives as naratology (the science of the narrative) which tries to identify the internal structures in the narrative, distinguish its characteristics, and reveal the relations which connect them together. This research is concerned with narrative structure and narrative discourse, which serve as bases for literariness and poetic quality. It should be noted that the central objective of these two terms is to emphasize on qualitative features of narrative art. Critical approaches agree that the study of narrative art must be start with the narrative structure and its internal structures and features. This is so because narrative structures are associated with practical applications and try to bring about a narrative text according to narrative conventions. So, Narratives belong to an independent particular literary genre with its own norms.

Abstract Nostalgia is a tendency of conscience include humanitarian all ages and at all times. It is an expression of sincere desire of poet to see the motherland where he was established, and where requirements of life forced him to abandon it.
Associated poems of the kings and leaders in Andalusia set in political circumstances and social self, deepened their sense of sorrow and regret for the loss of splendor, combined with sovereignty and power, and activated nostalgic feelings for the anticipated return, to convenience, luxury life and the grace.
This study investigates the poems which kings and leaders sang in nostalgia, and handles them in the light of the psychological, social conditions and self-raised these emotional feelings It also deals with delicate sensations in the class of these poets who expressed through nostalgia two contradictory elements oin the elegance of the past.
Under some extreme conditions that have occurred in their lives, they missed the grace of communication with their parents, relatives, and their places, and their emotions began flowing honestly from their depths, puffing it in an exhale under the difficult conditions in which they live.
Nostalia for the Homeland includes nostalgic poems of kings and leaders, as we will see in their selected poems. Unlike religious poems, nostalgia in the poems of poet Minister Lisan Din Ibn al-Khatib merges the past and the future.

Abstract  The
concept of time is one of the most
important elementsime in stories is a good arena for story research. One
of the leading theorists in story time is the French critic, Gerard Jent. In
his book narrative discourse, he offers a model to analyze story time.
The model examines time at three levels: order, duration, and frequency. In order,
investigation is made of flashbacks and flash forwards. Flashback refers to inserting an earlier event into the normal
chronological order of a narrative. This return to the past and
remembering a particular scene is goal directed and reveals a hidden side of
the story and sometimes helps the reader to decode the text. Foreshadowing
means predicting the story events. Predictions are often encouraging and are
effective in moving the story forward. This
paper intends to examine the issue of time in the story of Joseph the Prophet
in the holy Qur'an with an emphasis on the first level of the Gerard Jent's
model, namely, flashbacks. It also tries to determine the function of the
flashbacks in this Quranic story as the best story. The
results of this study indicate that flashbacks have brought about coherence and
continuity in the story. The intra-story
flashbacks are the most frequents ones. This frequency has had an influential
role in creating a cluster narrative in the sense that the story of Joseph the
Prophet revolves around a core which is his dream in childhood until it comes
true atwhen he becomes a king. The
fourth stage is the longest stage and is also filled with much tension. In this
scene, it is easy to detect flashbacks, which play an important role in
disentangling Joseph's story.