A novel is a long and multifaceted narrative that reflects characters and events with psychological and social details and complexities in a fictional format. The main feature of a novel is the multi-layered nature of reality and the possibility of different perspectives on the world and humans. To the extent that it is a platform for reflecting different human voices and perspectives. In many contemporary works, the novel has moved away from a monophonic state and become a polyphonic space; a space in which characters do not serve the author's single narrative, but rather appear as independent voices in a dynamic and reciprocal dialogue. The types of voices in the novel, that is, the perspective and discourse of the characters, to the extent that each character may have his own language, tone, and view of the world. And this presence of different voices takes the novel out of a uniform and monophonic narrative. In a polyphonic novel, the narrator is just one voice among others, and it is the characters who engage in dialogue with each other, rather than one point of view dominating all. The novel Al-Hassad by the contemporary Egyptian writer Abdel Hamid Jouda Al-Sahar is an example of the dialogic nature of the narrative world; in which the characters are not merely tools in the hands of the author, but rather themselves bearers of different social discourses. In the meantime, examining how polyphony manifests itself in this novel is of particular importance, because this work brings together different discourses of its time, including political and social discourse.

Methodology:

The present study, with a descriptive-analytical approach, addresses the research topic and, through information collection and library tools (note-taking), seeks to explore the characteristics and manifestations of this famous topic in the novels of famous novelists such as Abdelhamid Jouda al-Sahar, who attach importance and a special place to the topic of polyphony, especially in novels, in their works, by considering the remaining works related to polyphony. Therefore, through this, a new understanding of contemporary novelists is achieved. The clear manifestation of various polyphonic features in the novel, such as the plurality of personalities, languages, pronouns, ideological positions, and patterns of consciousness, all of which are widely related to this category, is among the clear manifestations of polyphonic in Al-Hassad's novel, which is studied and researched by analyzing and describing the text of this novel.

Discussion and Analysis:

In the novel, conversations are the field of collision of different voices, and for this reason, the novel is a natural platform for the presence and interaction of multiple voices. This multiplicity reflects social reality more accurately and takes the world of the story out of a monophonic and ideological state. The contemporary novel has also moved towards polyphonic as a result of social changes, so the contemporary novel is a suitable platform for the emergence of polyphonic. The novel Al-Hassad is a clear example of a polyphonic novel in which the author has used the characteristics of a polyphonic novel. Al-Sahar introduces a set of characters from different classes and groups into the novel, each group representing a social mentality, and each character carrying an independent consciousness, and this social diversity in the novel has created a suitable arena for the clash of ideas. The plurality of languages in the text of the novel is not only limited to words; they also carry the class, power, lived experience, and ideology of various characters. The shift between the level of consciousness of the characters and the narrator also strengthens the polyphonic nature of the novel, because the narrative is not uniform and dominant, each character does not only represent one opinion; rather, it carries an ideological position that challenges the other. The types of consciousness in the novel are in conflict and conflict with each other, and none of them completely dominates the other, and this is precisely the essence of the polyphonic novel. Therefore, Al-Hassad's novel, through the diversity of personalities, languages, the presence of opposing discourses, and multiple patterns of consciousness, is fully aligned with the logic of polyphony, to the extent that the world of the novel is not a single truth, but a field of dialogue, conflict, and convergence of different perspectives, and by depicting the types of polyphony in the novel, the author has succeeded in engaging the audience's mind in discovering its characteristics.

Achievements:

This research shows that Al-Hassad’s novel has polyphonic diversity, especially in the characters, because the study of the types of voices indicates that the author has depicted Egyptian society in the period of transition from tradition to modernity not with a single dominant perspective, but with several levels of social consciousness. As a result, the novel becomes a vivid and multiple image of reality; a reality that emerges from the dialogue between different situations. In the analysis of the narrative structure, it becomes clear that the characters of the novel are not tools in the hands of the author, but independent voices, with their own consciousness and logic. To the extent that each character has a different perspective on concepts such as faith, justice, and work; and this independence is one of the important achievements of polyphonicity. The study of polyphony in the novel shows that the text has become a dialogical arena between perspectives, meaning that the novel has moved away from authoritarian ideology and approached social and intellectual criticism. The diversity of voices in the novel is not only literary beauty; it is also a direct reflection of the social structure of contemporary Egypt. At the level of form, Al-Sahar has recreated the structure of a pluralistic society and, in this way, has transformed literature into a tool for cultural cognition. The study of polyphony in the novel indicates that the author wants to prevent the reader from making definitive judgments and force him to judge for himself.