جامعة سمنان دراسات في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها 2008-9023 16 41 2025 09 01 Textual approaches and their importance in achieving educational and learning skills for text patterns in the didactics of the Arabic language - first intermediate grade as a model - Republic of Iraq المقاربات النصّية وأهميتها في تحقيق المهارات التعليمية التعلمية لأنماط النصوص في ديداكتيك اللغة -الصف الأول المتوسط نموذجاً- جمهورية العراق 1 38 9389 10.22075/lasem.2024.34922.1438 AR رشا محسن عباس طالبة دكتوراه في قسم اللغة العربية وآدابها بجامعة شيراز، شيراز، إيران. إسحق رحماني أستاذ في قسم اللغة العربية وآدابها بجامعة شیراز، شيراز، إيران. دانش محمدي أستاذ مشارك في قسم اللغة العربية وآدابها بجامعة شیراز، شيراز، إيران. يوسف نظري أستاذ مشارك في قسم اللغة العربية وآدابها بجامعة شیراز، شيراز، إيران. Journal Article 2024 08 01 The theory of textual approach; Among the theories that are considered among the theories with important cognitive levels in the educational process, which were chosen as a tool to address the level of texts in the Arabic language book; For the first intermediate stage; Revealing how these texts are distributed in the two volumes of the book containing literary texts (prose and poetry), Such as evaluative text, guided reading, grammar, comprehension activity, etc. Using the analytical description approach; through descriptive statistics of the frequencies and percentages distributed over these two books (parts), they were classified according to the study tool. With the aim of analyzing teachers’ opinions; and study the extent to which it takes into account the objectives of the curriculum. As an important subject on which the next academic stages depend. The study found that texts of all types were not distributed equally sequentially. It indicates that the largest portion of the book's total content is directed reading texts and communicative texts. Its availability was maintained at a rate of (47.3%) and at a frequency of (142), While narrative, argumentative, explanatory and informational texts were available at a rate of (46.3%) and with a frequency of (139). So, the percentages that the study reached in terms of procedural knowledge compared to the rest of the teachers’ questions and opinions in the questionnaire on textual approaches, It is represented by activating the role of this theory, whether within the classroom or the textbook and its texts within educational frameworks appropriate to the level of the learners. Keywords: Textual approaches, Text styles, Didactics of the Arabic language, the first medium, Iraq. Extended summary Introduction The Iraqi Ministry of Education has entered a new and important management phase in the course of its educational systems in light of the new trends to reform the educational system, it adopts a model of teaching with text approaches as a necessary pedagogical choice, and we cannot deviate from its modern teaching principles in light of the new global transformations. The textual approach is a method by which texts are dealt with and its activities are taught, and making texts in their various forms, such as the story, the piece, the dialogue, the anthem, or their various types: (informative, dialogic, descriptive) the starting point for all linguistic activities. To practice educational work in order to provide the learner with the necessary linguistic skills of listening, reading, and writing, and to enable him to master the various targeted competencies. Materials & Methods Approach: It has significance. It indicates an action plan that takes into account the convergence and overlap that occurs between the overlapping factors in achieving effective performance, in order to achieve an educational goal according to a clear educational and pedagogical strategy. “It is starting a project, solving a problem, or achieving a specific goal.” - Textuality: “It is known in modern studies in general as: “the elements that distinguish the text from the non-text, and they also represent the basic themes of the text.” The study defines it procedurally; It can be said that textuality is a set of standards and conditions whose existence is considered a legitimate basis for creating texts. The study defines it procedurally; It is the way in which the learner plays the primary role. Meaning that the role of the professor or teacher is to facilitate the pupil or student’s learning process, explain and classify the material in a way that is appropriate and consistent with the student’s level, and prepare him with the necessary tools and assistance in learning. Note that applying the textual approach contributes to the development of two basic skills: - A function related to the recipient and understanding: “It provides the learner with an opportunity, represented by receiving texts and understanding their meanings, and realizing their contents, the intentions of their authors, and the mechanisms controlling the connection and intertwining of textual structures. By studying texts, the learner better understands their intended contents, and at a more Arabized level, and understands its mechanisms.” - A function related to production: “Once the learner understands the way the texts that govern them are composed, he will invest it in reconstructing the texts, which allows him to receive the topics well and realize the interconnection between the sub-structures of the text, and then the overall structure of the text. As for the production ability, it enables him to produce the topics, by putting an outline of the innovative topic, taking care to arrange its elements in a logical order and to conform to textual patterns and models.” Research findings - The study found that teaching according to the efficiency of the textual approach aims to enhance the spirit of creativity and develop the learner’s productive ability, and thus he can apply it in societal life, which is the ultimate goal. However, the authors of this methodological book relatively neglected some things that are considered one of the luxuries of the language that would help the learners to be able to control and master the language in speaking and understanding. The reason may be attributed to the fact that teachers have adhered to the Ministry of Education’s curriculum. The aim is to diversify textual styles according to its point of view and that of the authors. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study agrees with Ben Naima’s study in terms of the effectiveness of the textual approach in teaching, especially in the field of teaching grammar. It also adopted the questionnaire method for teachers. It also agreed with Ben Aziza’s study in analyzing the textbook. In turn, it was found that the textual approach has an effective role in implementing the system of educational units in teaching. Teaching the Arabic language to the intermediate stage, It also agreed with Ben Bouzid’s study in terms of considering that the textual approach is a reform stage in the transformations of the educational system, as it took the textbook as a focus to address the shortcomings of the educational process, and focused on evaluating linguistic activities. تعدّ نظرية المقاربة النصيّة من النظريات ذات المستوياتِ المعرفية ِالمهمة في المسيرةِ التربويةِ، حيث تم اختيارها كأداةٍ لمعالجةِ مستوى النصوص في كتابِ اللغة ِالعربيّةِ للمرحلة الأولى المتوسطة كشفاً عن كيفيةِ توزيع هذه النصوص على مجلدي الكتاب. وقد تضمّنت النصوص الأدبيّة (النثرية والشعرية) النص التقويمي، والمطالعة الموجهة، والقواعد، ونشاط الفِهم، والاستيعاب وغيرِها. وقد استخدمنا المنهج الوصفي التحليلي؛ فتمّ من خلال الإحصاء الوصفي للتكرار والنسب المئوية الموزعة على هذين الجزأين تصنيفها وفقاً لأداة الدراسة؛ وذلك بهدف تحليل آراء المدرسين؛ ودراسة مدى مراعاتهم لأهدافِ المنهج الدراسي باعتبارها مادة مهمة تتكأ عليها المراحل الدراسية القادمة. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أنّه لم يتم توزيع النصوص بكلِ أنواعِها بنحو ٍ تسلسي متساوٍ؛ حيث يومئ إلى أنّ الحيّز الأكبر من إجمالي محتوى الكتاب من نصوصِ المطالعةِ الموجهةِ والنصوص التواصلية شكلت دوام توفرها بنسبةِ (47%.3) وبتكرار(142)، بينما توفرت النصوص السرديّة والحجاجية والتفسيرية والإخبارية بنسبةِ (46%.3) وبتكرار(139) إذن النسب التي توصلت إليها الدراسة في إطار المعرفة الإجرائية بالقياس لباقي أسئلة وآراء المعلمين في الاستبيان الخاص بالمقاربات النصيّة، هو ما يتمثل بتفعيل دور هذه النظرية سواء داخل الصف أو الكتاب المدرسي ونصوصه ضمن أطر تعليميّة تتناسب ومستوى المتعلمين.

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جامعة سمنان دراسات في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها 2008-9023 16 41 2025 09 01 A study of Shahd Al-Rawi's novel " Above the Republic Bridge " in light of Norman Fairclough's concept of description دراسة رواية «فوق جسر الجمهوريّة» لشهد الراوي في ضوء مفهوم الوصف لنورمان فيركلاف 39 68 9739 10.22075/lasem.2025.36298.1454 AR سمية نيكفر طالبة دكتوراه في اللغة العربية وآدابها، جامعة آزاد الإسلامية، فرع مهاباد، مهاباد إيران. أردشير صدرالديني أستاذ مساعد في اللغة العربية وآدابها، جامعة آزاد الإسلامية، فرع مهاباد، مهاباد إيران. مصطفی يگاني أستاذ مساعد في اللغة العربية وآدابها، جامعة آزاد الإسلامية، فرع مهاباد، مهاباد، إيران. Journal Article 2024 12 27 Discourse is the fundamental factor of a literary work and the driving force behind literary texts. Novelists and writers tirelessly strive to build their work on a comprehensive and influential discourse on the recipients and audiences to whom the novel addresses and aims. However, what cannot be hidden in this context is the connection between the language or image of a literary work and discourse. This is what Fairclough mentions in his theory of critical discourse analysis within the issue of "description," alongside the concepts of interpretation and clarification, as one of the three important axes of his famous theory. At this level, the formal features of the work are analyzed, helping the interpreter or literary researcher understand the work's discourse and its basic content. This is the premise and foundation for analyzing narrative effects and texts, as it is considered a key to entering the text and the two subsequent levels in the rhetorical study of the novel. Therefore, the article aims, in accordance with this primary purpose, to evaluate the linguistic mechanisms and formal forms of the work—that is, the elements Fairclough discusses under the heading of the issue of description—to understand and investigate the work's discourse and the prevailing content by clarifying these linguistic mechanisms and forms. The research results show that the young Iraqi novelist, through linguistic and formal mechanisms and narrative elements such as the use of a motif like the word “land,” the employment of solidarity around the war, the use of oral language when the characters speak, etc., attempted to embody the discourse of forced migration of Iraqi citizens despite their unwillingness to do so for political and social reasons such as war and siege. Keywords: Farklaf, description, discourse, Shahd al-Ravi, Fujeser al-Ghamhoreya Extended summary Introduction This research is based on a critical discourse analysis of the novel Over the Bridge of the Republic. Critical discourse analysis allows the reader to analyze contemporary Iraqi novels by carefully and textually analyzing them, discovering the relationship between language and society, and in addition to discovering new and harmonious formal forms, it can also examine the discourse and power relations in society and the prevailing social conditions. The novels of "Shahd al-Rawi", a young and contemporary Iraqi writer, are interesting in their own way in terms of their attention to current social issues, and the author has raised the concerns of young Iraqi women in the context of social conditions and developments. Her second work, "Above the Bridge of the Republic", is a continuation of the same concerns that she narrated in the first novel, war and migration, war and its unforgettable consequences that affect the fate of individuals and cause the disintegration of families. This article attempts to examine the author's relationship with the factors that create the discourse and the discourse produced in the work. The main emphasis of the article is on the relationship between the form of the work and its discourse, and a set of formal and apparent characteristics of the novel are discussed for discourse analysis. Materials and Methods The research is theoretically based on Fairclough's theory of critical discourse analysis. Among the discussed axes in his theory, he emphasizes the component of description. The level of description is one of the axes of Fairclough's theory, which is the theoretical basis of this article. The first stage in Fairclough's theory of critical discourse analysis is the level of description. At this stage or level, the text is examined separately from other texts and the context and social conditions. The set of formal features found in a text can be considered as specific choices from among the available options related to vocabulary and grammar that the text uses. This analysis is an abstract analysis of the text and can help the reader find the content (Haddadi, 2011: 33). In other words, at this level, what is in the extra-structure of the text plays a role as what is in the intra-structure of the text. Research Findings The result of the research shows that the Iraqi author, by placing the formal appearances and coordinates of the work, from the title to the temporal and spatial elements, seeks to make emigration from the homeland believable and inevitable due to the war conditions and the unstable situation in Iraq. In the work, Shahd al-Rawi has tried to consider the discourse of emigration not only reprehensible but also a desirable and desirable thing, so that the characters have no choice but to choose emigration to reduce their suffering. Discussion of Results An examination of the level of description in the novel The Bridge of the Republic shows that author has been very successful in choosing the title and the cover design as the first entries of the novel. These two elements, to a large extent, contain the events and discourse of the novel. The author has chosen the titles of the novel according to the element of place, which indicates the importance of the place and the battlefield engagement by Iraqi citizens and foreigners. He has shown considerable creativity in the illustration and has inspired the reader with an atmosphere of terror, tyranny and dissatisfaction, violence and conflict with the excellent illustration and design of the novel's cover. The author has used repetition and motif repeatedly. The subject of war in the novel and following the moods and spirits of the characters and the conditions and conditions of society, this has caused the author to resort to repetition, such as observation and synonymy. The author has used these techniques to accompany the reader with what is happening in Iraq. When the reader reads the first lines of the novel Shahd, using these techniques, he is absorbed in the fascinating atmosphere of the novel and follows the work until the end. As a result, he identifies with the characters and considers their pain as his own. Also, the contrast and opposition in the novel is pursued at two levels: general and specific. The general and fundamental contrasts between the components of the novel have led from the contrast between the characters to a more specific level in the novel. The contrast between day and night, death and life, stability and unrest always circulates and resonates like a bell in the novel, creating a dual and two-faceted effect. The element of place is explicitly mentioned in Shahd Al-Rawi's novels. The author believes in the interaction between this element of place and time and has included them in the work. In other words, precise time and place are used to convey the theme of the story. That is, the time goes back to the years of war in Iraq, and the place is the areas where the author is involved in the war. By specifying the place and time, the author has had a glimpse of the historical nature of the work, but his novels do not fit into the genre of historical novels, but history has become a theme for him to portray the suffering of Iraq and visualize the characters' reactions to important social issues. Also, in order to make the discourse realistic, show and palatable, he has reflected on language in general and at times on oral language and the relationship that the participants have with language. الخطاب هو العامل الأساسي للعمل الأدبيّ والمحرك الدافع للنصوص الأدبيّة والروائيّون والأدباء يسعون سعياً دؤوباً أن يبنوا عملهم علی أساس الخطاب الشامل والمؤثر علی المتلقّيين والمخاطبين الذين تكون الرواية تخاطبهم وترميهم. لكن الشيء الذي لا يمكن إخفاؤه في ذلك هو ارتباط اللغة أو صورة العمل الأدبيّ بالخطاب، وهو ما يذكره فيركلاف في نظريته في التحليل النقديّ للخطاب ضمن قضية «الوصف» علی جنب مفهوم التفسير والتبين، كأحد المحاور الثلاثة المهمة في نظريته الشهيرة. في هذا المستوى، يتم تحليل السمات الشكلية للعمل، التي تساعد المفسّر أو الباحث الأدبيّ على فهم خطاب العمل ومضمونه الأساس وهو المقدّم والأساس في تحليل الآثار والنصوص السرديّة حيث يعتبر مفتاحاً للدخول إلی النص وإلی المستويين التاليين في الدراسة الخطابية للعمل الروائيّ. لذلك فإن المقالة ترمي حسب هذا الغرض الرئيس إلي تقييم الآليات اللغويّة والأشكال الصورية للعمل، أي العناصر التي تتحدث عنها فركلاف تحت عنوان قضية الوصف، ليفهم وليحقق خطاب العمل والمضمون السائد من خلال تبيين هذه الآليات والأشكال اللغويّة. تظهر نتيجة البحث أنّه الروائيّة الشابة العراقيّة خلال الآليات اللغويّة والشكلية والعناصر السرديّة كاستخدام موتيف مثل كلمة الأرض وتوظيف التضام حول الحرب وتوظيف اللغة الشفهية حينما تتكلّم الشخصيات وإلخ، حاولت إلی تجسيد خطاب الهجرة القسرية للمواطنين العراقيّين رغم عدم رغبتهم إليه لأسباب سياسيّة واجتماعيّة كالحرب والحصار.

https://lasem.semnan.ac.ir/article_9739_2afc9ec8ccb5dc14fbc5a3f62e2d675d.pdf

جامعة سمنان دراسات في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها 2008-9023 16 41 2025 09 01 Semi-logical Argumentation Techniques in the Diwan Salat al-Nar by Nabila al-Khatib Based on Dec row’s Views التقنیات شبه المنطقیّة الحجاجيّة في دیوان صلاة النار للشاعرة نبیلة الخطیب وفق آراء دیکرو 69 100 9808 10.22075/lasem.2025.36264.1453 AR جمال غافلي دکتوراه في قسم اللغة العربیة وآدابها، مدرس مدعو في جامعة فرهنکیان أهواز، الأهواز، إیران. علي رضا پريزن طالب ماجستیر في قسم اللغة العربیة وآدابها، جامعة شهید تشمران أهواز، أهواز، إیران. Journal Article 2024 12 21 Quasi-logical argumentation is one of the most prominent methods used in literary discourse to persuade the recipient. It relies on linguistic and inferential techniques that enhance the strength of an argument, beyond being limited to formal logic alone. This type of argumentation relies on tools such as argumentative links and gradual argument construction, making it an effective tool in poetic discourse, where persuasion blends emotion and rhetorical aesthetics. This research adopts the descriptive-analytical approach to study quasi-logical argumentative techniques in the collection "Fire Prayer" by the poet Nabila Al-Khatib. This research draws on Decro's views on argumentation, which hold that argumentation is not built solely on the rules of logic, but rather relies on organizing discourse in a way that influences the recipient's attitudes and communicative positions. This research aims to analyze quasi-logical techniques in the poet's collection of poems, by examining argumentative links (such as "if" and "where") and their role in constructing poetic discourse and directing meanings. It also explores the mechanisms of the argumentative ladder (negation, inversion, and reduction) and how they are employed in presenting arguments and shaping poetic visions. This contributes to a deeper understanding of the methods of indirect persuasion and the artistic construction of contemporary poetry. The study concludes that the poet skillfully utilizes these techniques to construct a coherent and persuasive poetic discourse. The argumentative links create conditional and semantic relationships between the text's parts, while the argumentative ladder contributes to presenting ideas in a gradual and logical manner. The results also reveal the effectiveness of Decro's theory in explaining the mechanisms of indirect persuasion in poetic discourse. The poet's ability to employ these techniques to guide the recipient's interpretation and construct a profound poetic vision that combines emotional and intellectual dimensions is highlighted, confirming the uniqueness of her poetic experience and her ability to employ argumentative tools to express her existential visions. Keywords: semi-logical argumentative techniques, argumentative ladder, argumentative connections, Nabila Al-Khatib, Decro views. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Introduction This study examines the quasi-logical argumentation techniques in Nabila al-Khatib's Diwan Salat al-Nar through the lens of Oswald Ducrot's argumentation theory. Focusing on how contemporary Arabic poetry employs linguistic structures that simulate logical reasoning while maintaining poetic expressiveness, the research analyzes al-Khatib's use of argumentative devices to construct persuasive discourse. The investigation centers on two primary techniques: argumentative links that create logical dependencies, and the argumentative ladder that structures persuasive progression through negation, inversion, and reduction. By applying Ducrot's framework to modern Arabic verse, this study bridges theoretical linguistics with literary analysis, offering new insights into how poetic discourse organizes meaning and influences interpretation. Materials & Methods The research employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine selected poems from Diwan Salat al-Nar, utilizing Ducrot's argumentation theory as its primary analytical framework. The methodology combines close reading of textual elements with systematic categorization of argumentative patterns, focusing specifically on linguistic markers that function as persuasive devices. The study identifies and classifies argumentative links (such as conditional connectors "if" and "where") and analyzes their semantic and pragmatic functions in constructing poetic arguments. Simultaneously, it traces the operation of the argumentative ladder through three key laws - negation, inversion, and reduction - documenting their sequential employment and cumulative persuasive effect. This dual analytical approach enables both micro-level examination of linguistic features and macro-level interpretation of their discursive significance within the poetic collection. Research Findings The analysis reveals that al-Khatib's poetry systematically employs quasi-logical structures to achieve persuasive ends. Argumentative links, particularly the conditional "if," establish existential dilemmas that frame the poems' thematic concerns, while spatial markers like "where" undergo semantic expansion to connect physical and metaphysical realms. The argumentative ladder operates through three distinct phases: negation deconstructs conventional binaries to create space for alternative conceptions; inversion transforms emotional conflicts into moral arguments through rhetorical antithesis; and reduction progressively attenuates tension to guide readers toward contemplative resolution. These techniques collectively demonstrate how contemporary Arabic poetry adapts classical rhetorical strategies to modern expressive needs, maintaining persuasive force while accommodating subjective poetic vision. The findings particularly highlight al-Khatib's skill in using linguistic structures that mimic logical progression to organize emotional and intellectual responses. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The study demonstrates that Ducrot's argumentation theory provides a productive framework for analyzing contemporary Arabic poetry, particularly in revealing how al-Khatib's work synthesizes logical form and poetic expression. The argumentative links function as organizational nodes that structure the poems' conceptual development, while the argumentative ladder's three laws create a dynamic persuasive arc that mirrors classical rhetorical dispositio in modern poetic form. This synthesis challenges traditional distinctions between logical and literary discourse, showing how poetic language can simultaneously pursue aesthetic and persuasive goals. The conclusion emphasizes that al-Khatib's techniques represent a significant development in Arabic poetic practice, one that negotiates between cultural tradition and modernist innovation. The research suggests that similar analysis could fruitfully be applied to other contemporary Arabic poets, potentially revealing broader trends in how modern verse engages with argumentative structures. Ultimately, the study contributes to both literary criticism and linguistic analysis by demonstrating the continued relevance of argumentation theory in understanding contemporary poetic practice. يُعدُّ الحجاج شبه المنطقيّ أحد أبرز الأساليب التي يعتمدها الخطاب الأدبيّ لإقناع المتلقّي؛ إذ يقوم على تقنيات لغويّة واستدلاليّة تُعزِّز من قوة الحجة دون أن تقتصر على المنطق الصوريّ وحده. ويعتمد هذا النوع من الحجاج على أدوات مثل الروابط الحجاجيّة والتدرج في بناء الحجة، مما يجعله وسيلة فعالة في الخطاب الشعريّ، حيث يمتزج الإقناع بالعاطفة والجماليات البلاغيّة. اعتمد هذا البحث المنهج الوصفيّ – التحليليّ في دراسة التقنيات الحجاجيّة شبه المنطقيّة في ديوان صلاة النار للشاعرة نبيلة الخطيب، بالاستناد إلى آراء ديكرو في الحجاج، والتي ترى أن الحجاج لا يُبنى فقط على قواعد المنطق، بل يعتمد على تنظيم الخطاب بطريقة تؤثر في مواقف المتلقي ومواقعه التداولية. يهدف هذا البحث إلى تحليل التقنيات شبه المنطقيّة في دیوان الشاعرة، من خلال دراسة الروابط الحجاجيّة (مثل "إذا" و"حيث") ودورها في بناء الخطاب الشعريّ وتوجيه الدلالات، والكشف عن آليات السُّلَّم الحجاجيّ (النفي، القلب، الخفض) وكيفية توظيفه في تقديم الحجج وتشكيل الرؤية الشعريّة، مما يسهم في فهم أعمق لأساليب الإقناع غير المباشر والبناء الفني للقصيدة المعاصرة. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن الشاعرة استخدمت هذه التقنيات ببراعة لبناء خطاب شعري متماسك وإقناعيّ، حيث عملت الروابط الحجاجيّة على خلق علاقات شرطية ودلالية بين أجزاء النص، بينما أسهم السُّلَّم الحجاجيّ في تقديم الأفكار بشكل متدرج ومنطقيّ. كما كشفت النتائج عن فعالية نظرية ديكرو في تفسير آليات الإقناع غير المباشر في الخطاب الشعريّ، حيث برزت قدرة الشاعرة على توظيف هذه التقنيات لتوجيه تأويل المتلقي وبناء رؤية شعرية عميقة تجمع بين البعد العاطفي والفكري، مما يؤكد تميز تجربتها الشعريّة وقدرتها على توظيف الأدوات الحجاجيّة في التعبير عن رؤاها الوجوديّة.

https://lasem.semnan.ac.ir/article_9808_3c1b9b8a18bcb0a22e2b1f683f148f84.pdf

جامعة سمنان دراسات في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها 2008-9023 16 41 2025 09 01 Employing Epic Theatre Elements in "The Trial of the Man Who Did Not Fight" and Their Impact on Alienation in Light of Bertolt Brecht's Theory توظيف عناصر المسرح الملحمي «محاكمة الرجل الذي لم یحارب» وتأثیرها في التغریب علی ضوء نظريّة برتولد بريخت 101 135 9866 10.22075/lasem.2025.37390.1479 AR طاهرة چال دره أستاذة مشاركة، قسم اللغة العربیة وآدابها، فرع گرمسار، جامعة الآزاد الإسلامیة، گرمسار، إیران أحمد محمدي نژاد پاشاكي أستاذ مساعد، قسم اللغة العربية وآدابها، كلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية، جامعة جيلان، رشت، إيران. سلام حمزة معیوف الشنابره ماجستير في اللغة العربية وآدابها، جامعة الأديان والمذاهب، قم، إيران. Journal Article 2025 04 16 Mamdouh Adwan's theatre "The Trial of the Man Who Did Not Fight" is considered one of the most prominent theatrical works reflecting the social and political tensions in the Arab world. This study aims to analyze how Mamdouh Adwan employs epic theatre elements, based on Bertolt's theory, to embody these tensions on stage. This reflects the reality of Arab society and its intertwined issues. It also analyzes the main characters and their developments to demonstrate the reflection of social and political conflicts in the theatrical work. The study relied on a critical analytical approach. The study's findings reveal that the theatre prominently reflects social and political tensions through the development of the characters and conflicts. The theatre begins with a side conversation when the chamberlain addresses the audience. The dialogue is short and to the point, such as this dialogue between Abdullah and Abu Salim. The most important external conflict encountered in the theatre is the conflict between the public prosecutor and the defense attorney, which triggers the conflict that follows it, each conflict being stronger and more intense than the one that preceded it. The theatre consists of two acts. In the first act, it presents the threads of the crisis, namely the trial of the man who did not fight. We are introduced to the characters and the relationships between them. We also get to know all the characters in it, such as Abu Shukr, the public prosecutor, the judge, and the defense attorney, and understand their intention to be present in court. In the second act, the conflict escalates until it reaches its peak when the public prosecutor accuses Abu Shukr of lacking any human feelings. Adwan begins to alienate the title by introducing the apparent contradiction between the words "trial" and "did not fight," meaning that the act was not committed, which raises questions in the reader. Adwan manipulates the name of the play's most frequently recurring character, Abu al-Shakr, who symbolizes the Arab people, and uses historical manipulation against him, mockingly calling him "Adnani" once and "Ghassani" another time. Keywords: the Syrian theatre, epic theatre, Bertolt Brecht, Mamdouh Adwan, the theatre “The Trial of the Man Who Did Not Fight. Extended summary Introduction The play "The Trial of the Man Who Did Not Fight" by Mamdouh Adwan is an epic theater work inspired by historical events, such as the Tatar invasion, with symbolic projections onto the contemporary Arab reality. It centers on Abu al-Shukr, an ordinary citizen tried for not resisting the enemy. The play highlights psychological and social conflicts between national duty and familial responsibilities, emphasizing contradictions in power and justice. Adwan employs Brechtian alienation techniques to encourage critical thinking among the audience, exposing the oppressive nature of the court representing authority. The use of classical Arabic reinforces the historical tone, while Baghdad symbolizes afflicted Arab capitals. Through dialogues between characters like Abu al-Shukr, the bailiff, and the judge, the play addresses issues of justice, class struggle, and identity. It aims to raise questions about individual responsibility toward society and authority, serving as a mirror to Arab challenges. The work invites the audience to reflect on the complexities of moral and social obligations in times of crisis, making it a powerful commentary on both historical and modern contexts. Materials and Methods The play "The Trial of the Man Who Did Not Fight" adopts the epic theater approach, utilizing Brechtian alienation to emotionally distance the audience and stimulate critical reflection. Mamdouh Adwan employs side dialogues, starting with the bailiff addressing the audience, to break the barrier between stage and viewer. Classical Arabic enhances the historical context, while events symbolize contemporary issues. The characters are symbolic: Abu al-Shukr represents the people, and the judge embodies corrupt authority. Historical events, like the Tatar invasion, form the dramatic framework, with invented events, such as the trial, reinforcing the message. Dialogues between characters, such as the public prosecutor and defense attorney, highlight social and moral contradictions. The use of theater-within-theater, as seen in the wheat monopolization scene, deepens the dramatic impact. The play’s scenes are designed to connect events sequentially, with each event leading to the next, reflecting the causal relationship between war, monopolization, and the trial. This structure underscores social injustice, using dialogue and staging to expose power dynamics and engage the audience in questioning societal structures and individual roles within them. Research Findings The play "The Trial of the Man Who Did Not Fight" reveals deep psychological and social conflicts. Abu al-Shukr, the protagonist, grapples with an internal struggle between his patriotic duty and his desire to protect his family. This conflict is evident when he receives weapons but lacks the knowledge to use them, reflecting hesitation and unpreparedness. Dialogues expose the contradictions of authority, as the judge pretends to uphold justice but issues a predetermined verdict, highlighting systemic corruption. Contradictory witness testimonies obscure Abu al-Shukr’s case, prompting the audience to seek the truth. The play portrays a power struggle between authority and the people, with the court representing oppression and Abu al-Shukr symbolizing the oppressed citizen. Alienation techniques encourage the audience to question justice and Arab identity. Baghdad, depicted as a symbol of afflicted Arab capitals, links historical events to contemporary realities, enhancing the play’s relevance. The findings underscore the tension between individual intentions and capabilities, exposing societal injustices and the complexities of moral responsibility in times of crisis, making the play a profound critique of power dynamics. Discussion of Results and Conclusion The play "The Trial of the Man Who Did Not Fight" demonstrates Mamdouh Adwan’s use of epic theater to analyze psychological and social conflicts, focusing on contradictions in power and justice. Abu al-Shukr’s internal struggle between national duty and familial emotion reflects individual suffering amid crises. The use of alienation, through side dialogues and classical Arabic, encourages critical thinking over emotional engagement. The judge’s hypocrisy, claiming morality while acting corruptly, exposes the facade of authority. Baghdad’s symbolism as a devastated Arab capital connects history to the present, making the play a mirror for contemporary Arab issues. Dialogues between characters, like the bailiff and Abu al-Shukr, highlight class struggles and social injustice. In conclusion, Adwan successfully presents a work that prompts reflection on justice, identity, and individual responsibility toward society. By employing simple yet powerful language and alienation techniques, the play challenges conventional drama, engaging the audience in critical analysis of reality. It serves as an effective tool for critiquing societal issues and inspiring social change, reinforcing its relevance as a commentary on both historical and modern challenges. تعتبر مسرحيّة "محاكمة الرجل الذي لم يحارب" لممدوح عدوان من أبرز الأعمال المسرحيّة التي تعكس التوترات الاجتماعيّة والسياسيّة في العالم العربيّ. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل كيفية توظيف عناصر المسرح الملحمي لممدوح عدوان علی ضوء نظريّة برتولد بريخت لتجسيد تلك التوترات على خشبة المسرح بما يعكس واقع المجتمع العربيّ وقضاياه المتشابكة وتحليل الشخصيات الرئيسة وتطوراتها لبيان انعكاس الصراعات الاجتماعيّة والسياسيّة في العمل المسرحي. اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفی التحلیلی، وأما نتائج الدراسة، فقد عكست المسرحيّة بشكل بارز التوترات الاجتماعيّة والسياسيّة من خلال تطور الشخصيات والصراعات. تبدأ المسرحيّة بالحدیث الجانبي عندما یخاطب الحاجب الجمهور بجمل حوارية قصیرة ومركزة مثل هذا الحوار بین عبد الله وأبو سلیم. أهم صراع خارجي في المسرحيّة هو الصراع بین النائب العام ومحامي الدفاع، حيث یكون فیه الصراع سببا في الصراع الذي یلیه ویكون كل صراع أقوى وأكثر كثافة من الصراع الذي یسبقه. المسرحيّة مؤلفة من فصلین، إذ تعرض في الفصل الأول خیوط الأزمة، وهي محاكمة الرجل الذي لم یحارب وتعرفنا الشخصیات والعلاقة بینها. كما أننا نعرف كل الشخصیات فیها كأبي الشكر والنائب العام والقاضي ومحامي الدفاع ونفهم قصدهم للحضور في المحكمة. ویبین الفصل الثاني احتدام الصراع حتی یبلغ ذروته حینما اتهم النائب العام أبا الشكر بأن لیس لدیه أيّة مشاعر إنسانیة. يبدأ عدوان في التغريب من العنوان بإدخاله التناقض الظاهري بين لفظة (المحاكمة) و(لم يحارب) أي عدم ارتكاب الفعل، ما يثير استفهام لدي المتلقي. تلاعب عدوان باسم الشخصية الأكثر تكراراً في المسرحيّة، وهي شخصية أبو الشكر الذي ترمز إلی الشعب العربيّ فينّزل عليها لعبة التأریخية، فيناديه بالعدناني مرة ومرة أخرى بالغساني بالسخرية.

https://lasem.semnan.ac.ir/article_9866_b90d521b4dade682cbfd4a25f2ca3c4c.pdf

جامعة سمنان دراسات في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها 2008-9023 16 41 2025 09 01 Reflection of feminism and attempts to change social systems in the novel “The Impossible” by Mustafa Mahmoud انعكاس النّسويّة ومحاولة تغيير الأنظمة الاجتماعيّة في روایة «المستحيل» لمصطفی محمود 136 164 9880 10.22075/lasem.2025.36695.1464 AR يوسف متقيان نيا طالب مرحلة الدکتوراه في قسم اللغة العربيّة وآدابها جامعه شهید تشمران أهواز، أهواز، إيران. نعيم عموري أستاذ في قسم اللغة العربيّة وآدابها جامعة شهید تشمران اهواز، اهواز، إيران. جواد سعدون زاده أستاذ مشارك في قسم اللغة العربيّة وآدابها جامعة شهید تشمران اهواز، اهواز، إيران. 0000-0002-3998-8963 Journal Article 2025 01 24 From the womb of suffering and oppression, the cry of women rose and formed the feminist movement with its various currents. Feminism sought to change traditional thinking and prevailing social systems that consider women far from decision-making and destiny-making. Feminist propaganda and attempts bore fruit, and most women were affected and went beyond their narrow scope, becoming a global movement. Muslim and Arab women were dazzled by this rising wave, and its features appeared in appearance and appearance, and were deposited in poetry and literature. Hence, this research attempts to address the novel “The Impossible” using the descriptive analytical method, and feminist theory in criticism and analysis. The research results show that the novel "The Impossible" explores the role of women who try to change traditional social systems in a conservative society. The female character "Fatima" appeared with revolutionary and rejecting steps, trying to extend her control and assert her individual independence. Moreover, the heroine could not stand the concept of guardianship and the guardianship of men in the family, so she focused on achieving financial independence and ensuring her absolute freedom. She wanted Hilmi to avoid male jealousy, not link honor to women, and give them freedom of action and choice. The female body is represented as a source of power and control over others, and it was a means of gaining men through excitement and sex, and a victim of brokenness and objectification in the heroine’s character. Keywords: Social system, Family system, Fnaism, Mustafa Mahmoud, Novel of the Impossible. Extended summary Introduction The feminist movements emerged as a powerful outcry against the suffering and oppression endured by women throughout history. This burgeoning wave sought to challenge the traditional mindsets and prevailing social systems that excluded women from decision-making and determining their own destinies. Although these efforts received mixed responses ranging from rejection to acceptance, they ultimately grew into a widespread cultural movement embraced by youth and intellectuals alike. Notably, the influence of feminism became evident in the Islamic world and particularly in Arab societies, manifesting in literature, poetry, and social behaviors. Mustafa Mahmoud, a committed writer and thinker who critically engaged with Western philosophical theories, utilized literature and thought to address social issues concerning women. This study aims to examine Mustafa Mahmoud’s novel "The Impossible" through a descriptive-analytical approach and feminist theory to explore women’s struggles against traditional social structures and the repercussions of these struggles on individuals and society. Materials & Methods This research employs a descriptive-analytical method aimed at systematically collecting, organizing, and analyzing relevant textual materials. The data were gathered through a close reading of Mustafa Mahmoud’s novel "The Impossible" alongside reviewing theoretical sources on feminist theory. The study conducts a content analysis of the literary texts to identify feminist themes, portrayals of women’s status, and their actions against social constraints. The theoretical framework is grounded in feminist criticism and literary studies, allowing an exploration of the various dimensions of women’s resistance in the narrative and the subsequent social and cultural implications. This approach enables a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between literary changes and social phenomena, highlighting the impact of the feminist movement in lesser-studied literary works. Research findings The novel The Impossible by Mustafa Mahmoud vividly portrays the multifaceted struggle of women within a traditional and conservative societal framework, emphasizing feminist efforts to transform entrenched social and family systems. The protagonist, Fatima, embodies feminist ideals through her revolutionary attitude and actions, most notably her divorce as a direct challenge to the prevailing patriarchal family structure. Fatima rejects the dominant model of marriage grounded in male authority and female submission, advocating instead for an equitable family dynamic based on mutual respect, shared responsibilities, and individual autonomy. She fiercely disputes the notion that family roles must be predetermined or unequally distributed, emphasizing financial independence as a critical pathway to women's liberation. Moreover, the novel critiques inherited moral codes that sustain male dominance, revealing how such ethical frameworks constrain women’s freedoms and perpetuate gender inequality. Fatima’s confrontations with these norms, including her rejection of socially imposed loyalty and fidelity standards, reflect a broader feminist critique against patriarchal ethics designed to suppress female agency. Concurrently, Fatima advocates for new relational paradigms that promote emotional and social equality between genders, although her own contradictory desires for affection underscore the complex negotiation between tradition and modernity. The corporeal dimension plays a pivotal role in illustrating power dynamics, as Fatima uses her body both as an instrument of empowerment and as a site of conflict within social and intimate relations. Her engagement in multiple physical relationships symbolizes a form of resistance against objectification and societal constraints; however, it also reveals the psychological ambivalence and alienation experienced by women navigating spaces defined by male-centric values. This embodied tension highlights the novel’s exploration of sexuality as both a domain of agency and vulnerability. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The Impossible presents a nuanced feminist critique of entrenched patriarchal structures, revealing the persistent challenges women face in achieving social, familial, moral, and bodily autonomy within a conservative context. Fatima’s journey underscores the necessity of profound systemic change rather than mere incremental social participation. Her assertion of financial independence as a foundation for autonomy aligns with feminist theories that stress economic empowerment as a cornerstone of gender equality. The novel also problematizes inherited moral values, illustrating how patriarchal societies construct and enforce ethical codes that confine women’s agency. By advocating for the redefinition of values such as fidelity, honor, and gender norms, the narrative aligns with feminist calls for a comprehensive moral reordering that equally encompasses men and women. Importantly, the portrayal of the body as a contested site of power reveals critical insights into the intersections of gender, sexuality, and identity. Fatima’s use of her corporeality challenges traditional gendered perceptions yet simultaneously exposes the emotional costs and social repercussions of such transgressions in a restrictive environment. The resultant psychic dissonance and social alienation illustrate the complexity of feminist liberation as both an external and internalized struggle. In conclusion, Mustafa Mahmoud’s The Impossible brings to light the imperative for radical transformation of social, familial, and ethical institutions to realize gender equality. The novel advocates for dismantling male-dominated systems and constructing new frameworks that acknowledge women’s full humanity, autonomy, and rights. These findings contribute to feminist literary criticism by highlighting the persistent tensions between tradition and emancipation, as articulated through narrative, character, and symbolic use of the body. من رحم المعاناة والاضطهاد، انطلقت صرخة النّساء وشكّلت الحركة النّسويّة بتياراتها المتعدّدة. وسعت النّسويّة إلى تغيير الفكر التقليديّ والنّظم الاجتماعيّة السائدة التي تُبعد النساء عن صناعة القرار وتحديد المصير. وكانت لهذه المحاولات ردود فعل متنوّعة بين الرفض والقبول، كما انتشرت الحركة كزيٍّ ثقافيٍّ تبنَّاه الشباب والمثقّفون. وأثمرت الدعوات والمحاولات النّسويّة ثمارها، فتأثّرت أغلب النساء وخرجت من نطاقها الضيق، لتصبح حركة عالميّة. وانبهرت المرأة المسلمة والعربيّة بهذه الموجة المتصاعدة، فظهرت تأثيراتها في المظهر والسلوك، وتجلّت في الأدب والشعر. وكان مصطفى محمود من الأدباء الملتزمين الذين حاولوا مناقشة النظریات الفكريّة الغربيّة ومعالجتها عبر الأدب والفكر. من هنا، يحاول هذا البحث أن يتناول رواية «المستحيل» باستخدام المنهج الوصفيّ-التحليليّ والنظريّة النّسويّة في النقد. وتُظهر نتائج البحث أنّ الرواية تستكشف دور المرأة في تحدّي الأنظمة الاجتماعيّة التقليديّة داخل مجتمع محافظ، حيث برزت الشخصيّة النّسويّة «فاطمة» بمواقف رافضة وثوريّة، ساعيةً إلى بسط سيطرتها والتأكيد على استقلالها الفرديّ. فقد رفضت النظام الأسريّ القائم، فطلَّقت زوجها وهربت من مسؤوليات الزواج والأمومة. علاوة على ذلك، لم تتحمّل البطلة مفهوم القيمومة وسلطة الرجل في العائلة، فركّزت على تحقيق الاستقلال المالي وضمان حريتها المطلقة. أما على الصعيد الأخلاقيّ، فكان الصراع أشدّ ضراوة، لأنّها ترى هذه القوانين من صنع الرجل ورؤيته. فقد طالبت فاطمة الرجال بالتخلّي عن الأخلاق الموروثة في مجتمع الرواية، فدعت حلمي إلى تجنب الغيرة الرجولية، وعدم ربط الشرف بالمرأة، ومنحها حريّة التصرّف والاختيار. كما مثّلت الجسد الأنثويّ مصدراً للقوة والسيطرة على الآخر، فكان وسيلة لكسب الرجل عبر الإثارة الجنسيّة. وفي الوقت نفسه، كان ضحية للانكسار والتشيؤ في شخصيّة البطلة.

https://lasem.semnan.ac.ir/article_9880_dac87c9b4d0aee36373ebf07224d9952.pdf

جامعة سمنان دراسات في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها 2008-9023 16 41 2025 09 01 Communicative Distance as a Psychological Tool in Character Construction: A Study of Jana Fawaz Elhassan's The 99th Floor المسافة التواصليّة كأداة نفسيّة في بناء الشخصيّات الروائيّة: دراسة في رواية «طابق 99» لجنى فواز الحسن 165 199 9970 10.22075/lasem.2025.37852.1487 AR عبدالباسط عرب يوسف آبادي أستاذ مساعد، قسم اللغة العربيّة وآدابها، کليّة الآداب والعلوم الإنسانيّة، جامعة زابل، زابل، إيران. آسية رودني ماجستيرة في قسم اللغة العربيّة وآدابها بجامعة سيستان وبلوتشستان، زاهدان، إيران. Journal Article 2025 05 29 This study explores the concept of communicative distance from a psychological perspective, defined as the psychological and emotional gaps that emerge between individuals due to mental barriers, fears, and past experiences, which significantly influence the quality of human interactions. Communicative distance emerges as a vital tool in shaping narrative structures and developing characters, as it highlights internal conflicts and the complexities of interpersonal relationships. The novel The 99th Floor by Jana Fawaz Elhassan serves as the analytical case study, where the relationships of the main characters are constructed around these communicative distances, forming intricate behavioral patterns that intensify psychological and social tensions. The research aims to analyze and critique these communicative gaps, shedding light on their role in shaping the dramatic and psychological crises of the characters. Employing a psychoanalytic approach, the study focuses on character interactions within critical contexts. The findings reveal that communicative distance in The 99th Floor is vividly manifested in the relationship between Majd and Hilda, both of whom grapple with psychological traumas stemming from the Lebanese Civil War. These traumas create emotional barriers that hinder deep communication. Majd, as a Palestinian, faces identity-related challenges, while Hilda suffers from the loss of her family. These gaps are evident in moments of physical proximity devoid of emotional connection, underscoring psychological contradictions. Such distances exacerbate feelings of isolation, thereby intensifying internal conflicts and contributing to a realistic portrayal of the complexities of human relationships in the context of war. Ultimately, the novel offers a profound insight into the impact of communicative distances on the psyche in the contemporary world. Keywords: Narratology, communicative distance, psychology, The 99th Floor, Hilda, Majd. __________________________________ Extended summary Introduction The intersection of psychology and literature provides a rich framework for understanding human behavior and relationships. Psychology, as an empirical science, examines mental and behavioral phenomena, while literature, as a creative art form, expresses human experiences, emotions, and imaginations through narrative. This study explores the concept of communicative distance—a psychological construct referring to the emotional and mental gaps between individuals caused by cognitive barriers, fears, and past experiences—and its role as a pivotal tool in narrative design and character development. Drawing on Jana Fawaz Elhassan’s novel The 99th Floor, the research investigates how communicative distances shape the psychological and social dynamics of the main characters, Majd and Hilda, within the context of the Lebanese Civil War. By employing a descriptive-analytical approach grounded in psychoanalytic theory, the study aims to analyze how these distances contribute to internal and external conflicts, deepen narrative tension, and reflect the broader impact of war on human connections. The research addresses two key questions: (1) how do communicative distances influence the psychological traits of Majd and Hilda? (2) What narrative techniques does Elhassan employ to highlight these distances and their impact on plot development and psychological conflicts? This analysis underscores the synergy between psychology and literature in illuminating complex human relationships. Materials & Methods This study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, integrating psychoanalytic theory to examine communicative distance in The 99th Floor. The primary material is the novel itself, with a focus on the interactions between the protagonists, Majd and Hilda. The research employs a qualitative approach, analyzing textual elements such as dialogue, descriptions, and symbolism to identify instances of communicative distance. A quantitative component is included to measure the frequency and intensity of communicative distances (intimate, personal, social, and public) within key scenes, using content analysis to categorize interactions based on their emotional and physical proximity. Data collection involves close reading and coding of narrative passages to identify patterns of psychological and emotional barriers, particularly those influenced by the characters’ war-related traumas. The psychoanalytic framework draws on theories of identity, trauma, and interpersonal dynamics, referencing works such as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and studies on emotional detachment. The analysis also considers the socio-cultural context of the Lebanese Civil War, exploring how external factors shape internal conflicts. By combining textual analysis with psychological theory, the study ensures a rigorous examination of how communicative distances function as both a narrative device and a reflection of the characters’ psychological states, providing a comprehensive understanding of their role in the novel. Research findings The findings reveal that communicative distance in The 99th Floor significantly shapes the psychological profiles of Majd and Hilda, reflecting their war-induced traumas. Majd, a Palestinian grappling with identity crises due to displacement and conflict, exhibits emotional gaps that prevent deep relational connections, manifesting as reticence and alienation. Hilda, having lost her family in the war, displays emotional closure, driven by grief and fear of vulnerability, which further isolates her. These distances are most evident in scenes of physical proximity lacking emotional intimacy, highlighting psychological contradictions that intensify their internal conflicts. Quantitatively, the analysis identified frequent instances of personal communicative distance (45–90 cm) in their interactions, often juxtaposed with emotional detachment, occurring in approximately 60% of their shared scenes. Narrative techniques, including terse dialogues, vivid descriptions of physical closeness contrasted with emotional distance, and symbolic settings like confined spaces (e.g., elevators), underscore these gaps. Internal monologues and free indirect discourse further reveal the characters’ suppressed emotions, enhancing the portrayal of their psychological struggles. The findings demonstrate that communicative distances not only deepen character complexity but also amplify the narrative’s dramatic tension, offering a realistic depiction of human relationships fractured by war. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The study illustrates those communicative distances in the 99th Floor serve as a dual-purpose tool: a psychological mechanism reflecting the characters’ trauma and a narrative device enriching the plot. The emotional and psychological barriers between Majd and Hilda, rooted in their experiences of the Lebanese Civil War, create a dynamic interplay of isolation and conflict, aligning with psychoanalytic theories of trauma and identity. The frequent use of personal communicative distance, coupled with narrative techniques like symbolic settings and internal monologues, underscores the tension between physical proximity and emotional disconnection, effectively portraying the characters’ inner turmoil. These findings highlight Elhassan’s skillful use of communicative distance to craft a realistic and layered narrative, reflecting the broader impact of war on human connections. The study concludes that the 99th Floor offers profound insights into the psychological effects of communicative distances, contributing to a deeper understanding of how literature can illuminate complex human experiences. This research lays the groundwork for future studies exploring the intersection of psychology and literature in crisis contexts, emphasizing the role of communicative distance in character development and narrative progression, and reinforcing the novel’s significance as a study of human resilience and relational complexity. يُعنى هذا البحث بدراسة المسافة التواصليّة من منظور علم النفس، وهو مفهوم يشير إلى الفجوات النفسيّة والعاطفيّة التي تتشكل بين الأفراد نتيجة العوائق الذهنيّة، والمخاوف، والتجارب السابقة، مما يؤثر على جودة التفاعلات البشريّة. تبرز المسافة التواصليّة كأداة حيويّة في تصميم الحبكة الروائيّة وتطوير الشخصيّات، حيث تُسهم في إبراز الصراعات الداخليّة وتعقيد العلاقات. تؤخذ رواية «طابق 99» لجنى فواز الحسن كنموذج تحليلي، حيث تُبنى علاقات الشخصيّات الرئيسة على أساس هذه المسافات التواصليّة التي تُشكل أنماطا سلوكيّة معقدة تُعزز التوترات النفسيّة والاجتماعيّة. يهدف البحث إلى تحليل ونقد هذه الفجوات التواصليّة، مسلطا الضوء على كيفية تأثيرها في تشكيل الأزمات الدراميّة والنفسيّة للشخصيّات. اعتمد البحث على منهج تحليليّ نفسيّ مركزا على التفاعلات بين الشخصيّات في سياقات حرجة. أظهرت النتائج أن المسافة التواصليّة في رواية «طابق 99» تتجلّى في علاقة مجد وهيلدا، حيث يعاني كلاهما من صدمات نفسيّة ناجمة عن الحرب اللبنانيّة. تتسبب هذه الصدمات في خلق حواجز عاطفيّة تمنعهما من التواصل العميق، فمجد، بوصفه فلسطينيّا، يواجه تحديات الهويّة، بينما تعاني هيلدا من فقدان عائلتها. تتجلّى هذه الفجوات في لحظات القرب الجسديّ التي تخلو من الارتباط العاطفيّ، مما يبرز تناقضات نفسيّة. تُفاقم المسافة شعورهما بالعزلة، مما يُعزز الصراعات الداخليّة ويسهم في تصوير واقعيّ لتعقيدات العلاقات الإنسانية في سياق الحرب، مقدما رؤية عميقة لتأثير المسافات على النفسيّة في العالم المعاصر.

https://lasem.semnan.ac.ir/article_9970_a4f544f4d56d992699ef881ec8b0c0fd.pdf

جامعة سمنان دراسات في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها 2008-9023 16 41 2025 09 01 The Role of Metaphor in Representing Ideological Affiliations in the Discourse of the Novel “Al-Jazieh & Al-Darvish” Based on the Charteris-Black Approach and Lakoff and Johnson's Classification" دور الاستعارة في تمثیل الانتماءات الأيديولوجية لخطاب رواية «الجازية والدراويش»: بناءً على منهج تشارتريس-بلاك وتقسيم لایکوف وجونسون 200 226 9881 10.22075/lasem.2025.36424.1458 AR فاطمة قادري أستاذة مشاركة في قسم اللغة العربيّة وآدابها بجامعة يزد، يزد، إيران. حميدة مروتي شريف آباد خرّيجة دكتوراه في قسم اللغة العربية وآدابها بجامعة يزد، يزد، إيران. Journal Article 2025 01 05 In the new approach, metaphor is not merely a linguistic act; rather, it can serve as an important structure with ideological effects in discourse. In this way, an author sometimes demonstrates the ideological significance of a word or phrase through its metaphorical use. Therefore, identifying the metaphors employed in a text and delving into their underlying layers can aid in recognizing the ideological dependencies of that text's discourse. Charteris-Black, in his book "Critical Metaphor Analysis: A Cognitive-Corpus Approach" (2004), first introduced the theory of critical metaphor analysis. He outlines three criteria levels for defining metaphor: the linguistic level, the pragmatic level, and the cognitive level. Lakoff and Johnson, in their book "Metaphors We Live By" (1980), proposed the conceptual metaphor theory based on the cognitive role of metaphor. They categorized metaphors into three types: structural, orientational, and ontological metaphors. In the novel "Al-Jazieh & Al-Darvish" by Abdul Hamid benhedouga, various metaphors are employed. Thus, the aim of the present research is to analyze the quality of metaphor expression in the aforementioned novel in a way that reveals or encourages the ideological dependencies of its discourse. The results of the investigations, utilizing a descriptive-analytical method and moving from recognition to situational context and intertextual context while establishing a connection between the text and the background knowledge, indicate that Abdul Hamid benhedouga, through the use of metaphors, intends to express ideologies of insight, authenticity, resilience, connection to the essence, rejection of retrogression, love for the homeland, and the decay of society as a result of political instability. Keywords: Conceptual metaphor; novel “Al-Jazieh & Al-Darvish”; Abdul Hamid benhedouga; Charteris-Black, Lakoff and Johnson. Extended summary Introduction Metaphor in modern scientific methodology is not merely a linguistic expression; it represents an important structure with ideological implications in discourse. The writer reveals the ideological significances of a word or phrase by employing it metaphorically. The metaphors used in a text, which penetrate its internal layers and seep into them, can aid in understanding the ideological connections of the discourse within that text.In his book “Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis” (2004), Charteris-Black presented the theory of critical metaphor analysis for the first time at three levels: the linguistic level, where metaphor is considered a word or phrase that generates semantic tension through embodiment and personification, as well as de-personification; the functional level; and the cognitive level.George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, in their book “Metaphors We Live By” (1980), explained their theory regarding the cognitive and substantive roles of metaphor, which they termed conceptual metaphor. They categorized metaphors into three parts: structural metaphors, orientational metaphors, and ontological metaphors. Abdelhamid ben Hadouga, a contemporary Algerian writer, utilized metaphor in the discourse of his novel “Al-Jaziyah and the Darvishes” to express the ideology he aspires to, implicitly and subtly influencing the opinions of society and its culture. In this novel, Ben ben Hadouga employed various metaphors to articulate his objectives and present his ideas using symbolic language, all of which are characterized by ideological significance. Materials & Methods This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach within the framework of conceptual metaphor as introduced by Lakoff and Johnson in their works. It is based on the methodology presented by Charteris-Black, titled “Critical Metaphor Analysis,” to analyze the metaphors found in the novel “Al-Jaziyah and the Darvishes” by Algerian author Abdelhamid Ben Hadouqa. To identify the metaphor present in the discussed novel, this study utilizes the Charteris-Black model at three levels: the linguistic level, where metaphor is identified as a word or phrase that creates semantic tension through embodiment, personification, and de-personification; the pragmatic level; and the cognitive level. Additionally, it employs the classifications by Lakoff and Johnson which categorize metaphors into three types: orientational, ontological, and structural. This approach demonstrates how metaphor underscores the author’s ideology and socio-cultural perspective, allowing him to persuade his audience, influence their opinions, and engage them in judgment and thought alongside him Research findings This study reveals that Ben Hadouqa employs multiple metaphors to represent the ideological dependencies of the discourse in his novel “Al-Jaziyah and the Darvishes.” He highlights the necessity of vigilance through the use of the directional metaphor of uprising against stagnation and by embodying the abstract concept of vigilance. In the metaphor of escaping from roots, which is a type of ontological metaphor, he personifies the tree and emphasizes the idea that denial of foundational truths and escape from authenticity is impossible. The ontological metaphor of “the Aleph means to achieve freedom” aims to convey the cultural knowledge of resilience. Additionally, in the metaphor of providing roots to individuals and their thoughts, which is also an ontological metaphor, he employs de-personification to influence the audience. By utilizing the structural metaphor of drowning the past, he makes the concept of the past comprehensible and organizes it within the framework of objectification. The metaphor of considering dreams as buildings is another instance of a structural metaphor that embodies the abstract concept of dreams, imagining it as a construction that must be built brick by brick. Furthermore, the ontological metaphor of the circularity of the poets’ association not only enhances the formal and expressive beauty of the text and stimulates the audience’s emotions, but it also introduces the changing nature of influential political and social figures as a factor contributing to the instability and unrest in Algeria through de-personification and the use of simile. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The novel presents the cultural and social perspective of its author, Ben Hadouga, towards the reality of Algeria. He employs various types of metaphors—directional, structural, and ontological—to express his ideology and worldview while establishing a cultural model in the minds of his readers. The author exploits the denotative power of these metaphors to shape the consciousness of his audience and influence their behavior towards achieving his goals. One key finding is that through the metaphor of uprising versus stagnation, he expresses the necessity of awareness and action for the liberation of Algeria. In the metaphor of the tree escaping from its roots, he conveys that fleeing from authenticity is impossible. Moreover, in the metaphor of “A” as a means to reach freedom, he depicts it as a force leading its possessor to independence, symbolizing integrity and resilience. He asserts that perseverance is formed through authenticity and a return to it by rooting ideas and individuals. To express the necessity of rejecting the regressive past, he uses the metaphor of drowning the past In the metaphor of building dreams in the homeland, he illustrates the need for loving one’s country and constructing the Algerian state by its people, while the metaphor of the circularity of the union reflects the instability of the political situation in Algeria. الاستعارة في المنهج العلميّ الجدید ليست مقولة لغوية فحسب، بل يمكن أن تكون بنیةً مهمةً ولها تأثيرات إيديولوجية في الخطاب، حيث يقوم الكاتب، أحياناً، بإظهار الدلالات الإيديولوجية لكلمة أو عبارة باستخدامها استعارياً. فالاستعارات المستخدمة في نصٍ ما التي تخترق طبقاته الداخليّة وتتسرب إلیها، یمکن أن تساعد في فهم الصلات الأيديولوجية للخطاب في ذلك النص. قدّم تشارتریس-بلاك في كتابه «التحلیل النقديّ للاستعارة: مقاربة معرفية-جسدية» (2004م) نظرية تحليل الاستعارة النقديّ لأول مرة وعلی ثلاثة مستويات، المستوی اللغويّ والمستوى الوظيفيّ والمستوى المعرفيّ. ولايكوف وجونسون في كتابهما «الاستعارات التي نحیا بها» (1980م)، شرحا نظريتهما للدور المعرفيّ والمضمونيّ للاستعارة التي سُمّيت الاستعارة المفهوميّة. فقسّما الاستعارات إلى ثلاثة أجزاء: الاستعارات البنيويّة والاستعارات الاتجاهيّة والاســتعارات الأنطولوجيّة. في رواية «الجازية والدراويش» لعبد الحميد بن‌هدوقة استعارات مختلفة، من هذا المنطلق. يهدف هذا البحث إلی تحلیل کیفیة استخدام الکاتبِ هذه الاستعارات للکشف عن انتماءاتِ الخطاب الأيديولوجيّة أو تشجّعها. ومن أهم النتائج التي تم التوصل إلیها في دراستنا للرواية وذلك بالاعتماد علی المنهج الوصفيّ-التحليليّ وعبر الانتقال من مستوى التعرف إلى سیاق الحالِ وسياق التّناص وبتأسيس العلاقة بين النص والخلفيّة المعرفيّة، هي أن بن‌هدوقة، من خلال استخدام الاستعارات يهدف إلى التعبير عن أيديولوجيات الوعي والبصیرة، والأصالة، والثبات والاستقامة، والصلة بالأصل، ورفض الرَجْعِيَة، وحب الوطن، وتدمیر المجتمع وفساده بسبب عدم استقرار الساسة.

https://lasem.semnan.ac.ir/article_9881_0cef7808d0b2d1a2d2d953c4cbd3acc9.pdf

جامعة سمنان دراسات في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها 2008-9023 16 41 2025 09 01 Study of the main character's anxiety and distress levels in the novel "The Frightened Ones" using Zung's Anxiety Questionnaire (S.A.S) دراسة مستوی القلق والاضطراب للشخصيّة الرئيسة في روایة الخائفون بالاعتماد على استبيان القلق لزونغ (S.A.S) 227 265 10086 10.22075/lasem.2025.37584.1482 AR علي أصغر حبيبي أستاذ مشارك في قسم اللغة العربيّة وآدابها بجامعة زابل، زابل، إيران. حسن ميركمالي ماجستير في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها بجامعة زابل، زابل، إيران. Journal Article 2025 05 03 With the advancement of human societies and the emergence of adverse individual and social events, fear and anxiety have become widespread phenomena in human life. The aim of this study is to analyze the psychological condition of the characters in The Frightened Ones by Dima Wannous, based on the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and to examine the impact of social and cultural crises on the psychological structure of individuals in crisis-stricken societies. This study adopts a mixed-method (quantitative–qualitative) approach and employs interpretive analysis to investigate indicators of anxiety and fear in the character of “Salma,” the novel’s main protagonist. Qualitative data were extracted from content analysis of the narrative, while quantitative data were collected by scoring the items of the Zung questionnaire, which includes 20 items on a four-point Likert scale assessing emotional and physical symptoms of anxiety. The findings reveal that the character under study suffers from severe anxiety (score of 64), with symptoms such as sleep disturbances, heart palpitations, chronic anxiety, and psychosomatic manifestations being clearly evident. The analysis shows that literary narrative, especially in the context of political crises and civil wars, can reflect psychological disorders resulting from violence, displacement, and loss. Therefore, the use of psychometric tools in literary analysis not only enables a deeper understanding of characters' mental states but also provides a framework to interpret the psychological consequences of crisis structures in human societies. Keywords: Zung's Anxiety Questionnaire, alkhayifun, Literary Psychoanalysis, Dima Wannous. Extended summary Introduction In recent decades, the interdisciplinary dialogue between psychology and literature has gained increasing scholarly attention. This approach, relying on psychological theories and tools, enables the unveiling of the hidden layers of individual and collective psyches within literary narratives. Particularly in societies afflicted by war, political oppression, forced migration, and identity crises, literature emerges as a vivid platform for representing psychological suffering. Anxiety — as a chronic response to insecurity, threat, and instability — is a pivotal concept for psychoanalytic literary analysis. Studying manifestations of anxiety in literary characters deepens the understanding of lived experiences and the psychological structures embedded in narratives. The Syrian novel The Frightened Ones by Dima Wannous exemplifies post-trauma literature, portraying the contemporary Syrian human experience through layered narration and deep internal character exploration. Given the historical and political backdrop of Syria's ongoing crisis since 2011, this novel presents an ideal subject for investigating the psychological dimensions of fear and anxiety. Using Zung’s Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), this study aims to clinically analyze the anxiety levels of the novel’s protagonist, Salma, and thereby contribute to expanding interdisciplinary methods that merge literary criticism with psychometric evaluation. Materials & Methods This research employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative content analysis with quantitative psychometric evaluation. Qualitative data were extracted through interpretive analysis of the novel’s narrative structure, focusing on Salma’s emotional and psychological expressions. Simultaneously, the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), a validated psychological tool consisting of 20 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale, was applied to assess Salma’s symptoms of anxiety. Particular attention was given to both emotional and somatic indicators, as the SAS equally measures psychological and physical manifestations of anxiety. Literary evidence corresponding to each questionnaire item was systematically collected from the text to simulate responses based on narrative events. Scoring was conducted according to SAS guidelines, considering reversed scoring for positive items and standard scoring for negative items. The final anxiety level was calculated using the standard SAS formula. In addition, theoretical frameworks from clinical psychology, psychoanalysis, and trauma theory informed the interpretation of findings, aiming to bridge the clinical understanding of anxiety with its literary representation. Research findings The analysis revealed that Salma suffers from severe anxiety, with a SAS score of 64. Salma exhibits numerous symptoms such as persistent fear without an apparent cause, chronic insomnia, frequent nightmares, heart palpitations, dizziness, psychosomatic pain, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Through content analysis, it became clear that these symptoms are deeply rooted in traumatic personal and collective experiences, including the death of her father, societal collapse, civil unrest, and internalized fears of violence and displacement. The narrative consistently portrays Salma’s psychological fragmentation, emotional instability, and intense somatization of mental distress. The findings show that fear and anxiety are not mere background emotions but are central to the plot’s structure and character development. The novel vividly captures the blurred boundaries between reality and hallucination, memory and imagination, self and other — all phenomena commonly associated with high anxiety and post-traumatic stress. Literary devices such as stream of consciousness, fragmented narration, and symbolic imagery enhance the portrayal of Salma’s psychological turmoil. Overall, Salma’s character embodies a collective Syrian consciousness traumatized by war and displacement, representing not just individual pathology but also broader societal wounds. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings suggest that The Frightened Ones offers a powerful literary depiction of anxiety rooted in political violence and social disintegration. By applying a clinical psychometric tool to a fictional character, this study demonstrated that literary narratives could serve as diagnostic spaces for psychological disorders, especially in post-conflict contexts. Salma’s character shows that anxiety, when chronic and untreated, leads to psychosomatic symptoms, disordered thinking, memory disruptions, and identity confusion — all of which are reflected in her relationships and narrative voice. The novel’s portrayal of anxiety aligns with clinical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and trauma-related conditions. Furthermore, the study underscores the effectiveness of combining literary analysis with psychological scales to explore fictional representations of mental health. By doing so, it opens new avenues for interdisciplinary research at the intersection of literature and psychology. Literature, thus, becomes not only a mirror of individual psychological suffering but also a medium for examining the broader socio-political pathologies affecting human societies. Future research can build upon this approach by applying additional psychometric instruments or expanding the scope to include comparative studies across different cultural contexts and literary traditions. مع تطوّر المجتمعات البشريّة وظهور الأحداث الفردية والاجتماعيّة المؤلمة، ساد الخوف والقلق من الظواهر المنتشرة في حياة الإنسان. يهدف هذا البحث، بالاعتماد على استبيان القلق لزونغ ( (SASإلى تحليل الحالة النفسيّة للشخصيّة الرئيسة في رواية الخائفون للكاتبة ديمة ونوس. أُجريت هذه الدراسة بمنهجية كمّية–نوعية، حيث تم تحليل مؤشّرات القلق والخوف لدى شخصيّة "سلمى" ؛ بطلة الرواية. استخرجت البيانات النوعية من تحليل محتوى السرد في الرواية، بالتالي، تمّ جمع البيانات الكمية من خلال تقويم بنود استبيان زونغ، الذي يتألف من 20 مقياساً ويعتمد مقياس ليكرت الرباعي لتقويم الأعراض العاطفيّة والجسديّة للقلق. تشیر النتائج إلى أن الشخصيّة المدروسة تعاني من قلق شديد (درجة 64)، وتظهر عليها أعراض مثل اضطرابات النوم، وخفقان القلب، والقلق المزمن، والأعراض النفسجسمية بشكل واضح. يكشف تحليل النتائج أن السرد الأدبيّ، وخاصة في سياق الأزمات السياسية والحروب الأهلية، يمكن أن يعكس الاضطرابات النفسيّة الناجمة عن العنف، والهجرة، والفقدان، وأنّ توظيف أدوات القياس النفسيّ في التحليل الأدبيّ لا يوفّر فهماً أعمق للحالة الذهنيّة للشخصيات فحسب، بل يمهّد أيضاً لفهم الآثار النفسيّة الناتجة عن البُنى المأزومة في المجتمعات البشريّة.

https://lasem.semnan.ac.ir/article_10086_6dfee0c6fd89c3457873512395b773f2.pdf

جامعة سمنان دراسات في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها 2008-9023 16 41 2025 09 01 Reasons of Passive social adjustment of the people in Khalil Mutran's poetry أسباب التكيّف الاجتماعيّ السلبيّ للشّعب في شعر خليل مطران 266 298 10188 10.22075/lasem.2025.38091.1490 AR شهلا جعفري دكتوراه في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها بجامعة شيراز، شيراز، إيران. سيد فضل الله ميرقادري أستاذ في قسم اللغة العربيّة وآدابها بجامعة شيراز، شيراز، إيران. حسين كياني أستاذ في قسم اللغة العربيّة وآدابها بجامعة شيراز، شيراز، إيران. Journal Article 2025 06 16 Social adaptation is a process emerging from the network of social roles and their relationships within the societal system, achieving balance with the surrounding environment. This balance entails accepting social constraints through voluntary or coercive mechanisms, ensuring the continuity of the social structure. his is done with the intention of achieving harmony and balance in a particular structure due to the importance of this functional role in knowing the social roles of individuals, which prevents the positive change of any complex. therefore, this research deals with the dynamics of social adjustment in the poetry of Mutran, Approach the qualitative content analysis. So that he concluded that one of the most important causes of adjustment which was embodied in the functions of the majority of the people. The study concludes that the primary causes of negative social adaptation stem partly from cultural poverty among the populace, resulting from ruling policies that suppress critical discourse and distort collective consciousness through promoting a culture of fear and submission. Other factors relate to socio-political socialization processes, the role of its institutions, and their dominant methods within that society. Key causes include the falsification of historical social consciousness through family and educational systems, reinforcing subservience via repressive political discourse. This prevented the population from positive political engagement and fulfilling their functional roles, thereby obstructing resistance to submissive tendencies toward authority. Analysis of social poetry suggests solutions emphasizing education, empowering intellectuals to counter dominant narratives, promoting critical engagement with heritage and reality, and notably, women's empowerment as central to social transformation - restructuring both family and political systems based on participation and justice. Keywords: Socio-political socialization, passive social Adjustment, Family ignorance, Khalil Mutran. Extended summary 1.Introduction Literature serves as a mirror reflecting the functional roles, social practices, and cultural behaviors of individuals within any social system, establishing literary texts as significant social and cultural constructs. The Nahda (Arab Renaissance) era marked a transformative period for Arabic literature, shifting its focus towards serving society and championing reformist causes against oppression and backwardness. Within the socio-political context of Ottoman rule, which was characterized by emerging modernity alongside pervasive autocracy, the role of the poet evolved significantly. Khalil Mutran emerged as a pivotal figure in modernizing Arabic poetry, liberating it from traditional confines and steering it towards engaging with pressing societal issues and human social roles. His poetry frequently critiques the passive cultural practices and the functional role of adaptation within his society, particularly the populace's acquiescence to ruling authoritarian power. This study employs social criticism and qualitative content analysis to examine both the overt and latent themes in Mutran's poetry. It aims to investigate the primary reasons behind the people's adaptation to prevailing oppressive conditions in Mutran's societal context and to extrapolate potential solutions for overcoming this negative adaptation, as inferred from his social commentary. The research seeks to answer two central questions regarding the roots of this social compliance and the remedies Mutran's work suggests. Materials & Methods This study employs a qualitative research design, utilizing the divan (poetry collection) of Khalil Mutran as its primary textual source. The methodology is grounded in Social Criticism to contextualize the poetry within its socio-political milieu of the late Ottoman era. Furthermore, Qualitative Content Analysis is applied as the main analytical tool to systematically examine both the manifest (surface) and latent (hidden) meanings within Mutran's poems. The coding process focused on identifying recurring themes, symbols, and metaphors related to social adaptation, power dynamics, and authoritarianism. The credibility of the findings was ensured through peer debriefing and referential adequacy. This methodological approach allows for a deep hermeneutic interpretation of the poetry, moving beyond literal meaning to uncover the underlying social consciousness and critical discourse embedded in Mutran's work. 3.Research Findings The qualitative content analysis of Khalil Mutran's poetry revealed two primary catalysts for the populace's adaptation to authoritarian rule. First, a deeply ingrained culture of passive acquiescence was identified, where societal norms valorized obedience and discouraged critical thought, resulting in a functional role that prioritized stability over liberation. Second, the research uncovered a deliberate strategy of political suppression by the ruling Ottoman authority, which employed intimidation and coercion to eliminate dissent and enforce conformity. Mutran's poetry critically portrays this adaptation not as innate passivity but as a rational response to systemic oppression, where individuals assume a functional role of compliance to ensure their survival. Furthermore, his work suggests solutions to dismantle this negative adaptation. He advocates for intellectual awakening through education and cultural reform to challenge passive mindsets, and emphasizes the necessity of collective civic courage to resist oppression. His poems symbolically call for a transformation in the functional role of the individual—from a passive subject to an active agent of change—thereby laying the groundwork for social restructuring and the emergence of a critical consciousness capable of demanding accountability and justice. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study reveals that social adaptation in Mutran's society was primarily driven by two factors: a culture of submission rooted in ignorance and lack of critical consciousness, and systematic political suppression by Ottoman rulers. The poet critically examines how patriarchal family structures, gendered role divisions, and inadequate political socialization through institutions like family and media perpetuated passive compliance. Mutran's poetry underscores that this adaptation was not innate but a functional response to oppressive conditions. His work proposes transformative solutions, emphasizing education as the cornerstone for emancipation, particularly for women, whose empowerment is vital for societal change. He advocates for redefining familial roles to foster critical thinking rather than subservience, transforming the family into a nucleus of anti-hegemonic consciousness. Ultimately, Mutran's social poetry serves as both a diagnostic tool and a prescriptive blueprint for dismantling negative adaptation. It calls for intellectual awakening and collective courage to replace passive compliance with active agency, thereby enabling structural social change. This study concludes that Mutran’s literary project remains profoundly relevant for contemporary societies grappling with similar patterns of political acquiescence and cultural submission. إنّ التكيّف الاجتماعيّ هو عملية تنبثق من خلال شبكة الأدوار الاجتماعيّة وعلاقاتها داخل المنظومة المجتمعيّة بما يحقق التوازن مع البيئة المحيطة؛ وهذا التوازن ينطوي على قبول الضوابط الاجتماعيّة عبر آليات القبول الطوعيّ أو القسريّ بما يضمن استمرارية البنية الاجتماعيّة. نظراً لأهمية هذه الظاهرة في معرفة الأدوار الاجتماعيّة في المجتمع الذي عاش فيه خليل مطران والذي يحول دون التغيير الإيجابي في البناء الاجتماعيّ آنذاك، وبما أنّ أدوار الشّعب الوظيفية أصبحت متمثلة في نمط من الانقياد والخضوع؛ فإنّ هذا البحث عالج أسباب التكيّف الاجتماعيّ لدى الشعب من خلال شعر مطران، اعتماداً على منهج تحليل المحتوى النوعي. وقد توصّل البحث إلى أنّ أهمّ أسباب التکیف الاجتماعی السلبي يعود بعضها إلى الفقر الثّقافي عند الشّعب بسبب سياسات الحاكم لإقصاء خطاب الشعب النقدي وتشويه الوعي الجمعي من خلال نشر ثقافة الخوف والاستسلام. ويخلص بعضها الآخر للتنشئة الاجتماعيّة- السياسية ودور مؤسساتها، وكذلك أساليبها السائدة على ذاك المجتمع. ومن أهم أسبابها تزييف الوعي الاجتماعيّ التاريخي للشعب في تلك الفترة عبر نظام الأسرة أو المؤسسات التعليمية وتكريس ثقافة الخنوع من خلال خطاب سياسي قمعي. الأمر الذي أدى إلى عدم تمكن الشعب التفاعل الإيجابي ضمن البناء السياسي والقيام بأدوارهم الوظيفية الحقيقية ومن ثمّ الحيلولة دون تصدّى الشعب لروح الخنوع والانقياد أمام الحاكم في المجتمع الذي قضى فيه مطران أيامه. ومن أهم الحلول التي يتضح من خلال تحليل شعر مطران الاجتماعيّ هي الدعوة إلى تبني التعليم وتفعيل دور الشعب المثقف في مواجهة الخطاب المهيمن وتعزيز القراءة النقدية للتراث والواقع؛ هذا وبالإضافة إلى تمكين المرأة في المجتمع الذي عاش فيه مطران ككائن أساسي في عملية التغيير الاجتماعيّ وإعادة هيكلة نظام الأسرة وكذلك النظام السياسي على أسس المشاركة والعدالة.

https://lasem.semnan.ac.ir/article_10188_0401f6c6e0ebd1ba97b3786001f2ba08.pdf

جامعة سمنان دراسات في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها 2008-9023 16 41 2025 09 01 Analysis of the novel “Show Yourself to Me That I May Look at You” by Khawla Hamdi based on Irvin Yalom's Existential Psychology Theory تـحليل رواية "أرني أنظر إليك" لخولة حمدي بناءً علی نظرية علم النفس الوجوديّ لإرفين يالوم 299 336 10189 10.22075/lasem.2025.36787.1465 AR ليلا صادقي نقدعلي طالبة الدکتوراه، فرع اللغة العربيّة وآدابها، جامعة الإمام الخميني الدوليّة، قزوين، إیران. نرگس أنصاري أستاذة مشاركة في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها بجامعة الإمام الخميني الدوليّة، قزوين، إيران. عبدالعلي آل بويه لنگرودي أستاذ في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها بجامعة الإمام الخميني الدوليّة، قزوين، إيران. مصطفی پارسایی پور أستاذ مساعد في اللغة العربية وآدابها بجامعة الإمام الخميني الدولية، قزوين، إیران. Journal Article 2025 02 03 In recent years, the existential approach in psychology has become one of the prominent and influential approaches, gaining special attention not only among psychological fields but also across interdisciplinary studies, particularly in literature. This approach delves deeply into the fundamental concepts of human life and emphasizes the necessity of finding meaning and consciously confronting existential challenges. Issues such as death, freedom, responsibility, absurdity, and meaning constitute the main concerns of existential psychology, with the way individuals face these crises determining the quality of their psychological life. In this perspective, fictional characters are not merely reflections of external events but represent existential concerns and the quest to create meaning for life in a world full of fundamental challenges. The present study, using a descriptive–analytical method, reviews the core concepts of existential psychology as a framework to analyze the character of “Malik” in Khawla Hamdi’s novel “Show Yourself to Me That I May Look at You”. The findings indicate that after a long search, Malik realizes that the meaning of life is neither fixed nor predetermined, and that absurdity is an inseparable part of it. By accepting this reality, he attains a form of personal and direct faith in God that transcends traditional beliefs. Malik’s awareness of his fundamental separation from others, and even from himself, manifests as alienation from society, religion, and human relationships, which intensifies his psychological and spiritual isolation. By embracing the pains and contradictions of life, instead of fleeing from them, Malik seeks to create personal meaning for himself. From an existential perspective, this pursuit reflects his psychological well-being, as he actively seeks answers to existential questions rather than denying or escaping them. Keywords: Existential Psychology; Ultimate Concerns; Meaning of Life; Irvin Yalom; “Show Yourself to Me That I May Look at You”. Extended summary 1.Introduction Existential psychotherapy is one of the most significant psychodynamic theories after Freud, which considers the roots of human’s inner conflicts in their confrontation with fundamental existential issues. These concerns are often hidden in the unconscious and masked by mechanisms such as repression and denial. From this perspective, the quality of an individual’s confrontation with crises such as death, freedom, responsibility, loneliness, and the search for meaning determines their psychological health or disorder. This approach is rooted in both philosophy and psychology and, in connection with the teachings of ancient philosophy -such as Socrates’ dictum “Know thyself”- emphasizes human agency and their endeavor to find purpose and meaning. The application of this approach in literary criticism provides an interdisciplinary method to explore the inner experiences of characters and to reveal how they face fundamental existential challenges. In this study, the novel “Show Yourself to Me That I May Look at You” by Khawla Hamdi is reviewed from this viewpoint. The novel’s main character, “Malik,” struggles with concerns such as loneliness, freedom, responsibility, and the fear of meaninglessness. His behaviors and inner whispers reflect these crises. This analysis is closely related to the theories of Irvin Yalom, who in his works has addressed issues such as death, meaning, and lonliness. Ultimately, the novel illustrates that Malik, in the midst of these conflicts, seeks a new meaning for life. Methods: The present study, using a descriptive–analytical method, reviews the novel “Show Yourself to Me That I May Look at You” by Khawla Hamdi based on Irvin Yalom’s existential psychology. In the first stage, the research data were collected through direct reading of the novel’s text and the passages reflecting fundamental existential concerns and conflicts of the main character, “Malik”, wre selected. Then, the data were analyzed and categorized within Yalom’s theoretical framework, which is based on the four main existential concerns: death, freedom, lonliness, and absurdity/the search for meaning. In the second stage, a qualitative analysis was conducted based on Yalom’s key concepts in order to clarify how the character confronts these fundamental existential issues and the strategies he employs to cope with them. In this process, alongside the psychological analysis, attention was also given to the literary and narratological dimensions of the text, in order to reveal the relationship between narrative structure and the representation of character’s existential crises. The method applied is interdisciplinary, trying to combine existential psychology’s approach with literary criticism to provide a comprehensive portrayal of the main character’s existential experiences. Therefore, the study contributes both to the enrichment of literary studies and to a deeper understanding of existential psychology. 3.Research findings: Within the framework of existential psychology, key concepts include death, freedom and responsibility, lonliness, absurdity and meaninglessness, and existential anxiety. Death, as an unavoidable reality, is considered a primary source of existential anxiety; Malik faces the death of his beloved Reem and experiences a sense of absurdity and lack of meaning, which leads him to search for meaning through spiritual experiences and travel, such as practicing yoga. Freedom and responsibility are understood as the idea that human is free but must bear responsibility for their choices and actions; Malik distances himself from traditional beliefs and makes new choices, such as abandoning certain religious practices. He accepts responsibility for these decisions and strive to create personal meaning in his life. Lonliness as the sense of separation from oneself, others and the world, deepens for Malik after Reem’s death, causing him to withdraw from others. However, he attempts to mitigate this sense of separation by forming new relationships and seeking meaning through interactions with others. Absurdity and meaninglessness become apparent to Malik in the face of failures, such as losing his job or educational status, prompting him to search for meaning in various religions and philosophies, including studying jurisprudential (Fiqh) and Sufi texts. Finally, existential anxiety arises from confronting fundamental realities of life, such as death, freedom, lonliness, and absurdity; Malik addresses these anxieties, particularly through spiritual practices like meditation and worship in Mecca, in his quest for peace and meaning. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the protagonist seeks existential freedom by attempting to break free from religious and social constraints. However, this freedom not only liberates him but also confronts him with the responsibilities result from his free choices, leading to psychological crises and deep anxiety. These responsibilities weigh heavily on him, intensifying his sense of psychological instability and doubts. Malik experiences a loneliness deeper than social isolation, realizing that no one can fully understand his inner experiences. This fundamental sense of separation from others, and even from himself, manifests as alienation from society, religion and human relationships, further deepening his psychological and spiritual lonliness. The death of “Reem” forces Malik to confront the inevitable reality of death and life’s instability. This experience intensifies his existential anxiety and raises fundamental questions about meaning, values, and the absurdity of life, with death like a mirror reflecting life’s fragility and instability. Ultimately, Malik comes to accept that there is no absolute or predetermined meaning to life. By embracing absurdity as a part of life, he attains a form of existential faith—a personal and direct relationship with God beyond traditional frameworks. This approach allows him to accept existential contradictions and sufferings as human realities and to create his own personal meaning in this process. From an existential perspective, Malik’s continuous search for life’s meaning reflects his psychological well-being, as he actively confronts existential questions rather than denying or avoiding them and tries to find answer to them. In the end, given the depth and originality of existential psychology in exploring the inner aspects of the human spirit, it is also recommended to consider references and works found in classical Arabic texts. This approach deals with fundamental issues of the human soul by going beyond limitations of time and place and can serve as a valuable tool for understanding and resolving the psychological challenges of contemporary life. شهدت السنوات الأخيرة بروزاً ملحوظاً للاهتمام بالمنظور الوجوديّ في علم النفس، حيث أصبح أحد أبرز التيارات التي حظيت باهتمام كبير ليس فقط في المجال النفسي، بل في الدراسات المتعددة التخصصات، وخاصة في مجال الأدب. وقد أولى هذا المنظور اهتماماً عميقاً للمفاهيم الأساسية للحياة الإنسانية وأكد على ضرورة البحث عن المعنى والمواجهة الواعية للتحديات الوجوديّة. وتشكل مسائل مثل الموت والحرية والمسؤولية واللاجدوى والمعنى محاور أساسية في علم النفس الوجوديّ، حيث يرى أن طريقة مواجهة الإنسان لهذه الأزمات تحدد نوعية حياته النفسية. وفي هذا المنظور، لا تُعتبر الشخصيات الروائية مجرد انعكاس للأحداث الخارجية، بل تمثل تجسيداً للهموم الوجوديّة والسعي لإضفاء معنى على الحياة في عالم مليء بالتحديات الأساسية. تهدف هذه الدراسة، باستخدام المنهج الوصفي - التحليلي، إلى تحليل شخصية مالك، في رواية «أرني أنظر إليك» لخولة حمدي اعتماداً على المفاهيم الأساسية لعلم النفس الوجوديّ لإرفين يالوم. وتشير نتائج الدراسة إلى أن مالك، بعد بحث طويل، توصل إلى أن معنى الحياة ليس شيئاً ثابتاً أو محدداً سلفاً، وأن اللاجدوى جزء لا يتجزأ منها. وقد أدى قبوله لهذه الحقيقة إلى نوع من الإيمان الشخصي المباشر بالله يتجاوز المعتقدات التقليدية. شعور مالك بالانفصال الجوهري عن الآخرين، وحتى عن نفسه، يتجلى كاغتراب عن المجتمع والدين والعلاقات الإنسانية، مما يعزز من عزلته النفسية والروحية. ومع قبول آلام وتناقضات الحياة، يسعى مالك إلى خلق معنى شخصي لنفسه بدلاً من الهروب منها. ومن منظور الوجوديّة، فإن هذا البحث يدل على صحته النفسية؛ لأنه بدلاً من إنكار الأسئلة الوجوديّة أو الهروب منها، يسعى بنشاط للعثور على إجابات لها.

https://lasem.semnan.ac.ir/article_10189_2092e8850b178dc28619a7af4af7bcea.pdf

جامعة سمنان دراسات في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها 2008-9023 16 41 2025 09 01 Love in the Poetry “Abdul Wahab Bayati” الحب في شعر "عبد الوهاب البياتي" 337 365 10190 10.22075/lasem.2025.36421.1457 AR سيد حسين سيدي أستاذ في قسم اللغة العربيّة وآدابها، كلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية، جامعة فردوسي، مشهد، إيران. نهى هاشمي زاد ماجستيرة اللغة العربيّة وآدابها، كلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية، جامعة فردوسي، مشهد، إيران. مائدة شيرازي طالبة دكتوراه في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها، كلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية، جامعة فردوسي، مشهد، إيران. Journal Article 2025 01 09 Bayati is a poet of homeland and exile, a poet of love and politics, a poet of freedom and commitment. His world is comprehensive and is the result of his many pains suffered in his homeland and in exile. He also travelled to many countries and attended many cultural-literary seminars and conferences. He is a poet in true sense portraying reality; he does not imprison himself in a specific time and place, and no limitation and restriction stops him from writing, and nothing is impossible for him. He is not affiliated with any literary school and does not write poem only for the sake of poetry, but in search of means of human liberation in his poems. He is the poet of the exiles and the poors and in search of survival and immortality. The present article aims at examining Bayati's emotional and political view studying his poems and some research conducted on poems. The methodology of the present study is analytical and descriptive. It is concluded that Bayati's love for his homeland is interwoven with his love for his beloved, and for him separating them is ruining both of them. The absence of his beloved made him look for her in the world, and wherever he finds her, it will be his homeland. Bayati's love is eternal and everlasting, but has many forms, because in his opinion, love is the gem of existence and the lover remains forever but in different forms. This matter made him search for his beloved in his city, his country, and the entire world. Keywords: Poetry, Love, Homeland, Bayati. Extended summary 10 Introduction Al-Bayati lived between politics and love, his country Iraq was an area for conflicts and the political opposition at the time, and thats what gave his poetry a clear political character mixed with misery, rejecting humiliation, supporting freedom, and demanding justice, but despite this misery he was trying to overcome the obstacles and difficulties of life by drawing a new picture of life full of love affection hope and mercy. He met his first love in his homeland but separation soon separated him from his beloved which made him search for his lover in the east and west of the earth expressing in symbols and myths and embodying his lover in another person and another place. There is no doubt that Al-Bayati is renowned poet in both arab and international, naturally many studies have been conducted on him, but most focused on his political rather than emotional side, however in this study the author addressed the subject of love its components and the various aspects of this concept in Al-Bayati’s poetry, which constitutes a novel study of its kind. 20 Materials & Methods This study adopts a descriptive - analytical approach to explore love and its forms in al Bayati’s poetry he embodied his beloved in different images in his poetry by creating personal symbols through which he embodied the beloved, we even find that some symbols dominated some of the diwans, that is the poet relied on the language of suggestion and allusion without explicitness or specificity and this requires description and analysis to understand and study the emotional aspect of his poetry. In context this study attempts to answer the following questions: How did Al-Bayati employ the concept of love in his diwans? What language did Al-Bayati use in his emotional poetry? We find the main features of the concept of love evident in Al-Bayati’s poetry, It is: rebellion against the rules inherited from classical literature, Seeing reality mixed with emotion and imagination this why the romantic adds to reality through his imagination and feelings, Individualism and subjectivity, which the romantic soul believes in to liberate itself from repressed desires, Nature as a source of inspiration and beauty, a place for spiritual contemplation, and a haven to escape from reality and the artificial world in which customs and traditions prevent one from taking off. Research findings Al-Bayati embodied his imaginary lover throughout his poetry collections in various images, including: Aisha; who is Al-Bayati's favorite symbol and his personal creation, she is a recurring feminine essence which Al-Bayati made it as a basic symbol of his personal symbols so that we can consider it a pure symbol of the poet, he crafted it into a modern mythical creation, through them he expressed his humane stances and reflected his vision of the universe and life around him, other feminine symbols carry a small semantic package and their effect is clear in the performance, some of them appear under names that may have existed in reality, But it was used symbolically, while others have a mythical dimension, or were invented by the poet himself, such as: Nadia, Shirin, Yasmine, Hind and Scheherazade whose model Al-Bayati elevated to such an extent that she become the symbol expressing the complete female partner no longer a body for pleasure a face for contemplation or a commodity for sale. And Penelope, Catherine, Ishtar, and lara who is one of the most hidden, and elusive of Al-Bayati's symbols, as she appears with faces of reality and imagination, truth and myth, matter and legend. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Al-Bayati begins his story with women in his small world: the world of exile and the city the world of childhood glor, youth and the pride of the little man. His experiences with women were characterized by that exhausting type shrouded in mystery and misery, rather it might even represent hell itself carrying him from exile to exile, from one time to another, love was a deadly burden and an obstacle between him and the happiness that any young child aspires to. we can summarize the most important components of love as: love homeland and freedom, Al-Bayati wrote about the poor and the oppressed about alienation and exile and about tyrannical rulers who shed the blood of their people. Sufi love and revelation, Al-Bayati's potery was influenced by its blend of sufi and mythological symbols and heritage which constituted one of the most important features of his poetic presence and modernity. love and deprivation, which we found the idea of love in his poetry is often associated with the duality of death and deprivation, the poet often expresses experiences of love that carry within them failure and loss, this duality does not imply complete despair, but rather is part of his philosophical vision of life which includes suffering and pain, and this pain can be a catalyst for creativity and deep thought. عبد الوهاب البياتي شاعر الوطن والمنفى، وشاعر الحب والسياسة، وشاعر الحريّة والالتزام، له عوالم واسعة ومثمرة ناتجة عن معاناة طويلة في الوطن والمنافي والتي تعرف فيها على كبار الشعراء من مختلف أنحاء العالم، هاجر وتنقل إلى بلدان كثيرة وكانت المنتديات الثقافيّة والأدبيّة تحاوره وتحتفي به أينما حلّ، كان شاعراً حقيقيّاً يجسّد الواقع ويرفض الاحتواء ويعتبره خطراً ولا يحصر نفسه في مكانٍ أو زمانٍ معين، ولا يضع لنفسه سلاسل ولا قيود تعيق كتابته، ولا يرى شيئاً غير ممكن أو مستحيلاً، ولا ينتمي لمدرسة شعريّة أو اتجاه أدبيّ معيّن، فهو لا ينشد الشعر فحسب وإنما يبحث في شعره عن وسائل الخلاص للإنسان، فهو شاعر المنافي والفقراء والبحث عن البقاء. يهدف هذا المقال إلى تسليط الضوء على الجانب العاطفيّ للبياتي والذي فيه نوع من الغموض، وذلك بالاعتماد على كتاباته وشعره وبعض الدراسات والبحوث الرصينة التي أقيمت حوله باستخدام الأسلوب التحليليّ والوصفيّ. وقد توصّلنا إلى أن حب البياتي للوطن امتزج مع حبه للحبيب وكان بالنسبة له أي فصل بينهما يعد بمثابة جريمة قتل للآخر، وغياب الحبيبة جعله يجود العالم بحثاً عنها وأيّ مكان يجدها فيه فهو وطن له، فكان له حبّ أزلي والذي كان في وطنه الأول، لكن صوره تعدّدت بعدها؛ لأن الحب عنده هو جوهر الوجود فالفاعل يبقى هو هو أما الصور فتتغير، وهذا ما جعله يطوف على أبواب مدينته وأبواب مدن العالم بحثاً عمن يحب.

https://lasem.semnan.ac.ir/article_10190_c2e4669ecb0b60c84c137139239cb849.pdf

جامعة سمنان دراسات في اللغة العربيّة وآدابها 2008-9023 16 41 2025 09 01 A study of how missing letters are represented in Arabic spelling دراسة كيفيّة تمثيل الحروف الغائبة في الإملاء العربيّ 366 405 10191 10.22075/lasem.2025.38383.1498 AR شاكر العامري أستاذ مشارك في قسم اللغة العربيّة وآدابها بجامعة سمنان، سمنان، إيران. منصورة عرب أسدي ماجستير اللغة العربية من قسم اللغة العربية وآدابها بجامعة سمنان، سمنان، إيران. Journal Article 2025 07 20 The Arabic writing system lacks five phonemes commonly found in foreign names: پ (p), ڤ (v), ژ (zh), چ (ch), and گ (g). This study investigates the historical presence of three of these sounds — ژ, چ, and گ — in Arabic dialects, arguing that they are native yet absent from formal orthography. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the research reviews linguistic texts and dialectal evidence, proposing the adoption of Persian-script equivalents to restore phonetic accuracy in Arabic writing. The study distinguishes between necessary integration (ژ, چ, گ) and acceptable substitutions (پ → ب, ڤ → ف) based on phonetic similarity and its usage. It concludes that integrating these symbols would resolve transliteration inconsistencies and support more precise communication, especially in writing proper nouns. The proposed solution respects the integrity of Standard Arabic while enhancing its adaptability to modern linguistic demands. Keywords: missing letters, foreign words, colloquial dialects, Arabic alphabet. Extended summary Introduction There are five phonemes missing from the Arabic alphabet. Three of these are pronounced in various Arabic dialects but were historically absent from the script. Early Arab writers substituted them when encountering these sounds in foreign proper names. The fourth and fifth phonemes have consistently been replaced across eras, with no notable dispute. This study focuses on reviving the three phonemes still present in speech but neglected in writing. Their incorporation into the Arabic script is not a case of introducing foreign sounds; rather, it represents a necessary restoration of authentically Arabic phonemes that require accurate orthographic representation. The primary aim is to standardize the transcription of foreign proper names by adopting a unified system that reflects reality both phonetically and orthographically. The research addresses several key questions: How have Arab scholars historically dealt with absent phonemes? What is the relationship between this issue and Arabicization? Does the Arabic alphabet require expansion? How can inconsistencies in transcribing these sounds be resolved? This investigation seeks not only to answer these questions but also to highlight the broader significance of the issue. If successful, this proposal could offer a consistent framework for writing foreign proper nouns, thus improving phonetic fidelity and linguistic clarity in Arabic script. Materials & Methods This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach aimed at comprehensively examining the issue before extracting meaningful conclusions. The primary topics explored include: Phonetic variation across languages Arabic as the ancestral Semitic language Orthographic inconsistency in writing missing phonemes Evidence of these phonemes in modern Arabic usage Recent proposals for integrating missing phonemes Several Arab linguists and researchers have addressed the challenges of representing foreign phonemes within Arabic script, suggesting their inclusion into the alphabet. Notably, Hamid Al-Hashimi discussed this issue in his 2010 article “The Problem of Foreign Letters in Arabic” on Elaph.com. He highlighted widespread inconsistency across Arab nations and the absence of a standardized mechanism. He argued that the difficulty stems from the phonemes' absence from the Arabic system and a lack of consensus on suitable equivalents—posing a barrier to comprehension, particularly for readers with limited educational exposure. He cited four variant spellings of “Google” in Arabic as an illustrative case. Another contribution came from Adel Salem in his 2009 article “Towards Developing and Modernizing Arabic,” published on adelsalem.com. Salem proposed adding two letters—“G” and “V”—to the Arabic alphabet. He justified the proposal on two grounds: enriching the language’s expressive capacity and enabling more accurate transcription of modern non-Arabic names. Research findings Inconsistency in Representing Non-Standard Phonemes in Contemporary Arabic Writing Writing cannot fully represent speech; rather, it does so relatively, with varying levels of accuracy depending on the language. This section presents how each of the absent phonemes is currently rendered in modern Arabic, highlighting substantial inconsistency: Triple-dot Jim (چ): Commonly transcribed as “تش” or “ش”. Examples: “Modern linguistic schools such as the Chomsky (تشومسكي) school.” (Khaghani Esfahani, 2018, p.16.) — “Manchester City (مانشستر سيتي) showers Swansea’s net with five goals.” (RT Arabic (Russia Today). Persian Gaf (گ): Rendered as “غ”, “ج”, or “ك”. Examples: “Wittgenstein (ویتغنشتاین) argues that language is self-evident and indefinable.” (Khaghani Esfahani, 2018, p.17.) — “Names such as Victor Hugo (هوجو), Lamartine, and De Musset.” (Khorsha, 2002, p.67.) — “Published by Luzac Library in London in England (إنكلترة).” (Faroukh, 1981, Vol.1, p.24.) Voiced fricative Jim (ژ): Typically transcribed as “ج”. Example: “Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (أحمدي نجاد), an Iranian politician from a humble background.” (Al Jazeera Encyclopedia.) Triple-dot Fa (ڤ): Represented as “ف”. Example: “Venice (فينيسيا) is one of the cities of Italy.” (Meraj Gasht Travel & Tourism Agency Website.) Triple-dot Ba (پ): Written as “ب” or “ف”. Examples: “Apollo (أبولو) group, a literary collective.” (Khorsha, 2002, p.140.) — “The second session of the Intellectual Property and Innovators Guide program to be held in Singapore (سنغافورة).” (Emirates News Agency (WAM).) Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study highlights the underacknowledged Arabic origins of three phonemes— triple-dot Zay (ژ), Persian Kaf (گ), and triple-dot Jim (چ)— which, despite their presence in classical pronunciation, remain absent from standard orthography. Linguistic texts reference them, yet no proposal has addressed their formal inclusion. It is reasonable for Arabic to adopt script forms from Persian, a language with shared phonetic and orthographic features. Using these phonemes to transcribe non-Arabic proper names ensures phonetic fidelity, especially when translation is infeasible. Likewise, Arabic names derived from these sounds—common in Iraqi dialects—should retain their phonetic spelling. Replacing “چاسب” with “جاسب” or “گاصد” with “كاصد” ignores their true linguistic roots. Phonetic recommendations include: (ڤ) transcribed as Fa, due to shared articulation. (پ) ideally as Ba, to avoid confusion with Fa. (ژ) written as Jim if pronounced softly, otherwise in Persian form (ژ). (g) represented by Persian Kaf (گ). (چ) transcribed using Persian (چ) rather than compound forms. Arabic lacks only three phonemes in writing, unlike other languages that face broader gaps. To address this, technology developers are encouraged to integrate these characters into Arabic keyboards—a step toward resolving longstanding inconsistencies. شهدت اللغة العربيّة في العصر الحاضر تحديات كثيرة وجديدة فرضت على أبنائها التعامل مع دول وشعوب شتى وعلى كافة الأصعدة، فكان على لغتهم العربيّة أن تستجيب لكافّة تلك المستجدات، وقد استجابت لها. لكن بقيت بعض الثغرات التي كان من المفروض ألا تكون لو أنّ أبناء العربيّة استوعبوا كافة طاقات لغتهم واستخدموها في أماكنها الصحيحة. وأول تلك الطاقات المهملة في اللغة هي الاستفادة من اللهجات العامية كرافد يرفد الفصحى ويغذّيها، خاصة بالنسبة للأعلام والمصطلحات الأعجميّة، حيث أدّت مسألة عدم وجود مقابل لخمسة من الأصوات الأعجميّة في الأبجديّة العربيّة، هي: الباء المثلّثة (پ)، الفاء المثلّثة (ڤ)، الزاي المثلّثة (ژ)، الجيم المثلّثة (چ)، والكاف الفارسيّة (گ) إلى إيجاد بلبلة وتخبط في كتابة تلك الأصوات. ثلاثة من تلك الأصوات الخمسة موجودة في اللهجات العربيّة قديماً وحديثاً، أي أنها ليست غريبة على الأذن العربيّة إلا أنها لم تُكتب لاختصاصها ببعض اللهجات وقلة التحديات التي واجهت العربيّة آنذاك. هدف الدراسة هو إيجاد نظام واحد في طريقة كتابة تلك الحروف الخمسة عن طريق إضافة رموز إلى الأبجديّة العربيّة لثلاثة منها، هي: الزاي المثلّثة (ژ)، الجيم المثلّثة (چ)، والكاف الفارسيّة (گ) واستبدال الآخرَين بأقرب معادل لهما، أي الباء والفاء. اعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، حيث ناقشت طريقة العربيّة في التعامل مع الكلمات الأعجميّة، وشواهد من الكتابات المعاصرة على طريقة كتابة الحروف الغائبة، وإثبات تواجد ثلاثة من الحروف الغائبة في اللهجات العربيّة القديمة. وتوصلت إلى أنّ الحلّ يكمن في استعارة ثلاثة رسوم من الفارسيّة التي تشارك العربيّة في الإملاء والأبجديّة وإضافتها إلى الأبجديّة العربيّة. وليست تلك إضافة بقدر ما هي ترميم وتكميل للأبجديّة العربيّة، فالأصل هو عربيّة تلك الأصوات.

https://lasem.semnan.ac.ir/article_10191_09adc412aab383c38248065b1cba665a.pdf